| 词条 | Septemberprogramm |
| 释义 |
The Septemberprogramm ({{IPA-de|zɛpˈtɛmbɐpʁoˌɡʁam|lang}}) was the plan for the territorial expansion of Imperial Germany, prepared for Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, at the beginning of World War I (1914–18). The Chancellor's private secretary, Kurt Riezler, drafted the Septemberprogramm on 9 September 1914, in the early days of the German attack in the west, when Germany expected to defeat France quickly and decisively. The extensive territorial conquests proposed in the Septemberprogramm required making vassal states of Belgium and France and seizing much of the Russian Empire. The Septemberprogramm was not effected because France withstood the initial German attack, and the war devolved into a trench-warfare stalemate, and ultimately ended in German defeat.[1] As geopolitics, the Septemberprogramm itself is a documentary insight to Imperial Germany's war aims, and shows the true scope of German plans for territorial expansion in two directions, east and west. Historian Fritz Fischer wrote that the Septemberprogramm was based on the Lebensraum philosophy, which made territorial expansion Imperial Germany's primary motive for war.[2] Jonathan Steinberg has suggested that if the Schlieffen Plan had worked, and produced a decisive German victory, like the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the Septemberprogramm would have been implemented, thus establishing German hegemony in Europe.[3]War goalsThe Septemberprogramm was a list of goals for Germany to achieve in the war.
SignificanceThe Septemberprogramm was based on suggestions from Germany's industrial, military, and political leadership.[5][6] However, since Germany did not win the war, it was never put into effect. As historian Raffael Scheck concluded, "The government, finally, never committed itself to anything. It had ordered the September Programme as an informal hearing in order to learn about the opinion of the economic and military elites."[7] In the east, on the other hand, Germany and her allies did demand and achieve significant territorial and economic concessions from Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and from Romania in the Treaty of Bucharest.[6] Notes1. ^{{cite book|last=Edgar Feuchtwanger|title=Imperial Germany 1850-1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhCEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|pages=178–79|isbn=9781134620739}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Fischer |first=Fritz |title=Germany's Aims in the First World War |year=1967}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last=Steinberg|first=Jonathan|title=Old Knowledge and New Research: A Summary of the Conference on the Fischer Controversy 50 Years On|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|date=April 2013|volume=48|issue=2|pages=|at=quotation in p. 249}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Tuchman|first=Barbara|title=The Guns of August|location=New York, New York|publisher=Macmillan Co.|year=1962|page=315}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Wayne C.|title=In the Eye of the Storm: Kurt Riezler and the Crises of Modern Germany|year=1980|pages=98–99}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|last=Scheck|first=Raffael|title=Military Operations and Plans for German Domination of Europe|url=http://web.colby.edu/rmscheck/contents/germanyc2/|accessdate=31 March 2014}} 7. ^See Raffael Scheck, Germany 1871–1945: A Concise History (2008) Further reading
External links
5 : 1914 in Germany|German Empire in World War I|1914 documents|Government reports|Official documents of Germany |
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