“Serer language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Serer language

释义

Classification
Phonology
Consonants Vowels
Greetings
See also
Notes
Bibliography
External links

{{Infobox language
|name=Serer
|nativename=Seereer
|states=Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania
|speakers=1,410,700
|date=2001-2015
|ref=^[1]
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=Atlantic–Congo
|fam3=Senegambian
|fam4=Fula–Serer
|agency=CLAD (Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar)
|stand1=Seereer-Siin
|iso2=srr
|iso3=srr
|glotto=sere1260
|glottorefname=Sereer
|notice=IPA
}}

Serer, often broken into differing regional dialects such as Serer-Sine and Serer saloum, is a language of the Senegambian branch of Niger–Congo spoken by 1.2 million people in Senegal and 30,000 in the Gambia.^[2] It is the principal language of the Serer people.

Classification

Serer is one of the Senegambian languages, which are characterized by consonant mutation. The traditional classification of Atlantic is that of Sapir (1971), which found that Serer was closest to Fulani.^[3] However, a widely-cited misreading of the data by Wilson (1989) inadvertently exchanged Serer for Wolof.

Dialects of Serer are Serer Sine (the prestige dialect), Segum, Fadyut-Palmerin, Dyegueme (Gyegem), and Niominka. They are mutually intelligible except for the Sereer spoken in some of the areas surrounding the city of Thiès.

Not all Serer people speak Serer. About 200,000 speak Cangin languages. Because the speakers are ethnically Serer, they are commonly thought to be Serer dialects. However, they are not closely related, and Serer is significantly closer to Fulani (also called Pulbe, Pulaar, or Fulbe) than it is to Cangin.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Phonology

Consonants

The voiceless implosives are highly unusual sounds. ƴ is pronounced /ˀj/.^[4]

			Bilabial		Labio- dental	Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Glottal
			plain	prenasal	Labio- dental	plain	prenasal	plain	prenasal	plain	prenasal	plain	prenasal	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	plosive	p	t	c	k	q	' /ʔ/
	voiceless	implosive	ƥ /ɓ̥/	ƭ /ɗ̥/	ƈ /ʄ̊/
	voiced	plosive	b	mb /ᵐb/	d	nd /ⁿd/	j /ɟ/	nj /ᶮɟ/	g	ng /ᵑɡ/	nq /ᶰɢ/
	voiced	implosive	ɓ	ɗ	'j /ʄ/
Fricative			f	s	x	h
Nasal			m	n	ñ /ɲ/	ŋ
Approximant			l	y /j/	w
Flap			r /ɾ/

Vowels

Front	Back
Close	i iː	u uː
Mid	e eː	o oː
Open	a aː

Greetings

The following greetings and responses are spoken in most regions of Senegal that have Serer speakers.

Nam fi'o? (pronounced nam feeyoh) = How are you doing?
Mexe meen. (pronounced may hay men) = I am here.
Ta mbind na? (pronounced, tah mbind nah) = How is the family (or more literally house)?
Awa maa. (pronounced Awa maa) = They are good (or more literally They are there).

Spatial awareness is very important in Sereer. For example, this exchange is only for the household in question is not nearby. Certain grammatical changes would occur if it were said in a home the greeter has just entered:

Ta mbind ne? (pronounced tah mbind neh) = How is the family/house (which is here)?
Awa meen (pronounced Awa men) = they are good (or more literally They are here).

In Senegalese culture, greetings are very important. Sometimes, people will spend several minutes greeting each other.

Notes

1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/srr|title=Serer-Sine|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en}}
2. ^Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International, Ethnologue.com. Figures for (2006) The Gambia only.
3. ^Sapir, David, 1971. "West Atlantic: an inventory of the languages, their noun-class systems and consonant alternation". In Sebeok, ed, Current trends in linguistics, 7: linguistics in sub-Saharan Africa. Mouton, 45–112
4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Mc Laughlin|2005|p=203}}

Bibliography

{{cite journal |last=Fall |first=Papa Oumar |year=2013 |title=The ethnolinguistic classification of Seereer in question. |journal= in Africa: Challenges of Multilingualism, ds Altmayer, Claus / Wolff, H. Ekkehard, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford|pages=47–60}}
{{cite journal |last=McLaughlin |first=Fiona |year=1994 |title=Consonant mutation in Seereer-Siin |journal=Studies in African Languages |volume=23 |pages=279–313}}
{{cite journal |last=McLaughlin |first=Fiona |year=2000 |title=Consonant mutation and reduplication in Seereer-Siin |journal=Phonology |volume=17 |pages=333–363 |doi=10.1017/S0952675701003955}}
{{Citation|last=Mc Laughlin|first=Fiona|year=2005|title=Voiceless implosives in Seereer-Siin|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=35|issue=2|pages=201–214|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002215}}
{{cite book |last=Crétois |first=L. |year=1972 |title=Dictionnaire sereer-français (différents dialects) |location=Dakar |publisher=Centre de Linguistique Appliquée de Dakar|language=fr}}
{{cite book |last=Fal |first=A. |year=1980 |title=Les nominaux en sereer-siin: Parler de Jaxaaw |location=Dakar |publisher=Nouvelles Editions Africaines|language=fr}}
{{cite journal |last=Senghor |first=L. S. |year=1994 |title=L'harmonie vocalique en sérère (dialecte du Dyéguème) |journal=Journal de la Société des Linguistes |volume=14 |pages=17–23|language=fr}}

External links

Sereer Grammar - Sereer wiki

{{Serer topics|state=collapsed}}{{Languages of the Gambia}}{{Languages of Senegal}}{{Atlantic languages}}{{Authority control}}

1 : Serer language

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