| 词条 | Shabak people |
| 释义 |
| group = Shabak | population = 200,000–500,000 (2017 estimation)[1] | popplace = Largest settlements: Mosul, Gogjali, Bartella[2][3] | langs = Shabaki, Kurdish[4] | religions = Shia Islam (and Shabakism)[5] }} The Shabak people ({{lang-ar|الشبك}}, {{lang-ku|شەبەک}}) are a group in Iraq, who speak Shabaki, a Northwestern Iranian language of the Zaza–Gorani group. The Shabaks live in a religious community (ta'ifa) in the Nineveh Plains. The ancestors of Shabaks were followers of the Safaviyya order, which was founded by the Kurdish mystic Safi-ad-din Ardabili in the early 14th century.[5] The primary Shabak religious text is called the Buyruk or Kitab al-Manaqib (Book of Exemplary Acts), which is written in Turkmen.[6] Members of the three Kurdish tribes of Bajalan (or Bajarwans), Zangana and Dawoody live in the same villages as the Shabaks and are commonly mistaken for being Shabak.[7] OriginsThe origins of the word Shabak are not clear. One view maintains that Shabak is an Arabic word {{lang|ar|شبك}} meaning intertwine, indicating that the Shabak people originated from many different tribes. Austin Henry Layard considered Shabak to be descendants of Kurds originating from Iran, and believed they might have affinities with the Ali-Ilahis.[9] Anastas Al-Karmali also argued that Shabaks were ethnic Kurds.[8] Another theory suggest that Shabaks originated from Anatolian Turkomans, who were forced to settle in the Mosul area after the defeat of Ismail I at the battle of Chaldiran.[9] Deportation and forced assimilationAfter the 1987 census, the Iraqi regime started a revenge campaign against those Shabaks who chose to declare themselves Kurdish.[9] The campaign included both deportation and forced assimilation and many of them (along with Zengana and Hawrami Kurds) were relocated to concentration camps (mujamma'at in Arabic) located in the Harir area of Kurdistan Region. An estimated 1,160 Shabaks were killed during this period. In addition, increasing efforts have been made to force the Shabak to suppress their own identity in favour of being Arab. The Iraqi government's efforts of forced assimilation, Arabization and religious persecution put the Shabaks under increasing threat. As one Shabak told a researcher: "The government said we are Arabs, not Kurds; but if we are, why did they deport us from our homes?"[9] Shabak politican Salim al-Shabaki, a representative of Shabaks in the Iraqi parliament, said "The Shabaks are part of the Kurdish nation", emphasizing that Shabaks are ethnically Kurdish.[10] On 21 August 2006, Shabak Democratic Party leader Hunain Qaddo proposed the creation of a separate province within the borders of the Nineveh Plain to combat the Kurdification and Arabization of Iraqi minorities.[11] On 20 December 2006, ten Shabak representatives unanimously voted for the non-inclusion of Shabak inhabited areas of the Mosul region into the Kurdish Regional Government. A number of Shabak village aldermans noted that they were threatened into signing the incorporation petition by Kurdish authorities.[12] On 30 June 2011, the Nineveh provincial council distributed 6,000 lots of land to state employees. According to the head of the Shabak Advisory Board Salem Khudr al-Shabaki, the majority of those lots were deliberately given to Arabs.[13] Hunain al-Qaddo, a Shabak politician, was quoted by Human Rights Watch that: "The Peshmerga have no genuine interest in protecting his community, and that Kurdish security forces are more interested in controlling Shabaks and their leaders than protecting them."[14] Post-ISIS tensions{{stub section|date=March 2019}}Religious beliefs{{Main|Shabakism}}A majority of Shabaks regard themselves as Shia Muslims, and a minority identify as Sunni.[15][16][17][18] However, despite this, their actual faith and rituals differ from Islam's, and have characteristics that make them distinct from neighboring Muslim populations. These include features from Christianity including confession, and the consumption of alcohol, and the fact Shabaks often go on pilgrimage to Yazidi shrines.[19] Nevertheless, the Shabak people also go on pilgrimages to Shia holy cities such as Najaf and Karbala, and follow many Shiite teachings.[20] Shabaks combine elements of Sufism with their own interpretation of divine reality. According to Shabaks, divine reality is more advanced than the literal interpretation of Qur'an which is known as Sharia. Shabak spiritual guides are known as Pirs, and they are well versed in the prayers and rituals of the sect. Pirs are under the leadership of the Supreme Head or Baba.[9] Pirs act as mediators between divine power and ordinary Shabaks. Their beliefs form a syncretic faith similar to the beliefs of Yarsanism.[5] Shabaks also consider the poetry of Ismail I to be revealed by God, and they recite Ismail's poetry during religious meetings.[5] SettlementsList of Shabak–majority settlements in the Nineveh Plains:[7]{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
List of mixed settlements in the Nineveh Plains:[7]
}} As of March 2019, all of the above–mentioned settlements are under federal control and part of the Disputed territories of Northern Iraq.[23] References1. ^{{cite web |title=Crossroads: The future of Iraq’s minorities after ISIS |url=https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/MRG_Rep_Iraq_ENG_May17_FINAL2.pdf |website=Minority Rights Group International |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9}} 2. ^{{cite news|title=Part I: ISIS exploited the marginalized minority groups of Iraq|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/260420172|accessdate=13 May 2017|agency=Rudaw|date=27 April 2017}} 3. ^{{cite news|author1=C.J. Edmonds|title=A Pilgrimage to Lalish|date=1967|page=87}} 4. ^{{cite book |author1=Christine M. Helms |title=Arabism and Islam: Stateless Nations and Nationless States |page=12}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite journal|author1=Amal Vinogradov|title=Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak|journal=American Ethnologist|date=1974|volume=1|issue=1|pages=207–218|doi=10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00110}} 6. ^{{cite book|author1=Martin van Bruinessen|title=Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society : Collected Articles|date=2000|publisher=Isis Press|page=3000}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite book |author1=عبود، زهير كاظم، |title=الشبك في العراق |date=2009 |publisher=AIRP |isbn=9789953362700}} 8. ^{{cite book |title=The Shabak, Bektashis, Safawis, and Kizilbash |date=1987 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse |isbn=0-8156-2411-5 |edition=1}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |last1=Leezenberg |first1=Michiel |title=The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan |date=December 1994 |page=6-8 |url=https://eprints.illc.uva.nl/630/1/X-1994-07.text.pdf |accessdate=30 March 2019 |publisher=University of Amsterdam}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/130920163 |title=Shabak minority want only Peshmerga to liberate their homes|agency=Rudaw|access-date=2016-10-24}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06BAGHDAD3283_a.html|title=NINEWA: SHABAK PUSH FOR AN END TO KURD ENCROACHMENT|date=6 September 2006|accessdate=14 October 2014}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07BAGHDAD276_a.html|title=NINEWA: SHABAK REJECT INCORPORATION INTO KRG|date=27 January 2007|accessdate=14 October 2014}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/31/3127798_-os-iraq-shabak-official-nineveh-province-is-arabizing-our.html|title=Shabak official: Nineveh province is arabizing our areas |date=30 June 2011|accessdate=14 October 2014}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/11/10/vulnerable-ground/violence-against-minority-communities-nineveh-provinces-disputed|title=On Vulnerable Ground|date=10 November 2009|publisher=Human Rights Watch}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20140721084628.htm|title=Iraq: The Minorities of the Nineveh Plain|author=Mina al-Lami|date=21 August 2014|accessdate=9 October 2014}} 16. ^http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/society/2219/ 17. ^https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28351073 18. ^https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2016/07/07/iraqs-religious-ethnic-minorities-disappearing-due-isis-violence-global-inaction/ 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://i-cias.com/e.o/shabak.religion.htm|title=Shabak / Religion - LookLex Encyclopaedia|first=Tore|last=Kjeilen|publisher=}} 20. ^{{cite book|author1=Imranali Panjwani|title=Shi'a of Samarra: The Heritage and Politics of a Community in Iraq|page=172}} 21. ^{{cite news |title=‘Trust is gone’: Iraqi Christians fear returning due to Shiite militia |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2019/Feb-12/476387-trust-is-gone-iraqi-christians-fear-returning-due-to-shiite-militia.ashx?utm_content=buffer763df&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer |agency=The Daily Star - Lebanon |date=12 February 2019}} 22. ^{{cite news |author1=Erica Gaston |title=Iraq after ISIL: Qaraqosh, Hamdaniya District |url=https://www.gppi.net/2017/08/05/iraq-after-isil-qaraqosh-hamdaniya-district |accessdate=25 March 2019 |agency=GPPi |date=5 August 2017}} 23. ^{{cite news |title=US State Dept. says Iraq’s takeover of disputed areas caused ‘abuse, atrocities’ |url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/14032019 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |agency=Rûdaw |date=14 March 2019}} Further reading
6 : Shabak people|Ethnic groups in the Middle East|Iranian ethnic groups|Religion in Iraq|Shia communities|Shia Muslims |
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