| 词条 | Shaka era |
| 释义 |
This is about the historical calendar era. For the "Śaka calendar" of 1957, see Indian national calendar. The Shaka era (IAST: Śaka era) is a historical calendar era, corresponding to Julian year 78. It is commonly known in Indian languages as Shalivahana Śaka (era of Shalivahana) or {{Rtgs|Mahasakkarat}} "Greater Era"). HistoryThe origin of the Shaka era is highly controversial.{{sfn|Richard Salomon|1998|p=182–184}} There are two Shaka era system in scholarly use, one is called Old Shaka Era, whose epoch is uncertain, probably sometime in the 1st millennium BCE because ancient Buddhist, Jaina and Hindu inscriptions and texts use it, but this is a subject of dispute among scholars. The other is called Saka Era of 78 CE, or simply Saka Era, a system that is common in epigraphic evidence from southern India. A parallel northern India system is the Vikrama Era, which is related to the Bikrami calendar linked to Vikramaditya.{{sfn|Richard Salomon|1998|p=181–183}} The beginning of the Shaka era is now widely equated to the ascension of king Chashtana in 78 CE.[1] His inscriptions, dated to the years 11 and 52, have been found at Andhau in Kutch region. These years are interpreted as Shaka years 11 (89 CE) and 52 (130 CE).[2] A previously more common view was that the beginning of the Shaka era corresponds to the ascension of Kanishka I in 78 CE.{{sfn|Richard Salomon|1998|p=182–184}} However, the latest research by Henry Falk indicates that Kanishka ascended the throne in 127 CE.[3] Moreover, Kanishka was not a Shaka, but a Kushana ruler.[4] Other historical candidates have included rulers such as Vima Kadphises, Vonones, and Nahapana.[4] According to historian Dineshchandra Sircar, the historically inaccurate notion of "Shalivahana era" appears to be based on the victory of the Satavahana ruler Gautamiputra Satakarni over some Shaka (Western Kshatrapa) kings. Sircar also suggests that the association of the northern king Vikramaditya with Vikrama era (also historically inaccurate) might have led the southern scholars to fabricate a similar legend of their own.[5] Another similar account claims that the legendary emperor Vikramaditya defeated the Shakas in 78 CE, and the Shaka era marks the day of this conquest. This legend has been mentioned in the writings of Brahmagupta (7th century CE), Al-Biruni (973-1048 CE), and others. However, this is an obvious fabrication.{{sfn|Richard Salomon|1998|p=182–184}} Over time, the word "Shaka" became generic, and came to be mean "an era"; the era thus came to be known as "Shalivahana Shaka".[6] UsageThe earliest known users of the era are the Western Satraps, the Shaka (Indo-Scythian) rulers of Ujjain. From the reign of Rudrasimha I (178–197), they recorded the date of minting of their coins in the Shaka era, usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in Brahmi numerals.[7] The use of the calendar era survived into the Gupta period and became part of Hindu tradition following the decline of Buddhism in India. It was in widespread use by the 6th to 7th centuries, e.g. in the works of Varāhamihira and Brahmagupta, and by the 7th century also appears in epigraphy in Hindu Southeast Asia. The calendar era remained in use in India and Southeast Asia throughout the medieval period, the main alternative era in traditional Hindu timekeeping being the Vikram Samvat era (56 BC). It was used by Javanese courts until 1633, when it was replaced by Anno Javanico, a hybrid Javanese-Islamic system.[8] It was adopted as the era of the Indian national calendar (also known as "Śaka calendar") in 1957. The Shaka era is the vernal equinox of the year AD 78. The year of the modern Shaka Calendar is tied to the Gregorian date of 22 March every year, except in Gregorian leap years when it starts on 21 March. See also
ReferencesCitations1. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA69 |title=Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |editor=Patrick Olivelle |chapter=Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta interlude in the Gangetic Plains |author=Shailendra Bhandare |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780199775071 |page=69 }} 2. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=QwkOdPtZmVcC&pg=PA193 |title=Script and Image: Papers on Art and Epigraphy |editor1=Adalbert J. Gail |editor2=Gerd J. R. Mevissen |editor3=Richard Salomon |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2006 |page=193 }} 3. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=lKJyCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=Greek Gods in the East |author=Ladislav Stančo |publisher= Karolinum Press |year=2012 |page=18 }} 4. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA135 |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |author=Krishna Chandra Sagar |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1992 |isbn=9788172110284 |pages=135–136 }} 5. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA262 |title=Indian Epigraphy |author=D. C. Sircar |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1965 |pages=262–266 }} 6. ^{{cite book |author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA80 |year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2 |pages=80–81 }} 7. ^Rapson, "A Catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc." p. CCVIII 8. ^{{Cite book | isbn = 9780804721950 | last = Ricklefs | first = Merle Calvin | title = A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300 | year = 1993 | publisher = Stanford University Press and Macmillans | edition = 2nd |pages=5 and 46}} Sources{{ref begin}}
2 : Hindu calendar|Calendar eras |
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