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词条 Shaykh al-Islām
释义

  1. Classical usage

  2. In the Ottoman Empire

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Usul al-fiqh}}Shaykh al-Islām ({{lang-ar|شيخ الإسلام|Šayḫ al-Islām}}; {{lang-ota|شیخ‌ الاسلام|Şhaykḫu-l-İslām}}) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.[1]{{rp|399}}[2] It first emerged in Khurasan towards the end of the 4th Islamic century.[1]{{rp|399}} In the central and western lands of Islam, it was an informal title given to jurists whose fatwas were particularly influential, while in the east it came to be conferred by rulers to ulama who played various official roles but were not generally muftis. Sometimes, as in the case of Ibn Taymiyya, the use of the title was subject to controversy. In the Ottoman Empire, starting from the early modern era, the title came to designate the chief mufti, who oversaw a hierarchy of state-appointed ulama. The Ottoman Shaykh al-Islam performed a number of functions, including advising the sultan on religious matters, legitimizing government policies, and appointing judges.[1]{{rp|400}}[3] Modern times have seen the role of chief mufti carried out by Grand Muftis appointed or elected in a variety of ways.[2]

Classical usage

Like other honorific titles starting with the word sheikh, the term shaykh al-islam was reserved in the classifical era for ulama and mystics. It first appeared in Khurasan in the 4th/10th century.[1]{{rp|399}} In major cities of Khurasan it seems to have had more specific connotations, since only one person held the title at a given time and place. Holders of the title in Khurasan were among the most influential ulama, but there is no evidence that they delivered fatwas. Under the Ilkhans, the Delhi Sultanate and the Timurids the title was conferred, often by the ruler, to high-ranking ulama who performed various functions but were not generally muftis.[1]{{rp|400}}

In Syria and Egypt the title was given to influential jurists and had an honorific rather than official role. By 700/1300 in central and western lands of Islam the term became associated with giving of fatwas. Ibn Taymiyya was given the title by his supporters but his adversaries contested this use.[1]{{rp|400}} For example, the Hanafi scholar 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari issued a fatwa stating that anyone who called Ibn Taymiyya "Shaykh al-islam" had committed disbelief (kufr).[4][5] There is disagreement on whether the title was honorific or designated a local mufti in Seljuq and early Ottoman Anatolia.[1]{{rp|400}}

The following Islamic scholars were given the title "shaykh al-islam":

  • Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (b. 164 A.H.)
  • Ibn Surayj[6][7] (b. 249 A.H.)
  • Al-Daraqutni[6] (b. 306 A.H.)
  • Ibrahim Niasse[8]{{Circular reference|date=March 2019}} (b. 165 A.H.)
  • Abu Hamid al-Isfarayini[6] (b. 344 A.H.)
  • Al-Bayhaqi[6] (b. 384 A.H.)
  • Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi[6] (b. 393 A.H.)
  • Abu Talib al-Makki[9] (b. 386 A.H.)
  • Khwaja Abdullah Ansari[1]{{rp|400}} (b. 481 A.H.)
  • Al-Juwayni[10] (b. 419 A.H.)
  • Fakhr al-Din al-Razi[11] (b. 544 A.H.)
  • Ibn al-Jawzi[6] (b. 509/510 A.H.)
  • Al-'Izz ibn 'Abd al-Salam[12][13] (b. 577 A.H.)
  • Ibn Daqiq al-'Id[14] (b. 625 A.H.)
  • Al-Nawawi[15] (b. 631 A.H.)
  • Ibn Taymiyyah[16] (b. 661 A.H.)
  • Taqi al-Din al-Subki[17](b. 683 A.H.)
  • Taj al-Din al-Subki[18] (b. 727 A.H.)
  • Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani[19] (b. 773 A.H.)
  • Zakariyya al-Ansari[20][21][22][23] (b. 823 A.H.)
  • Ibn Hajar al-Haytami[24] (b. 909 A.H.)
  • Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini[25][26] (b. 724 A.H.)

In the Ottoman Empire

{{refimprove|section|date=July 2016}}

In the Ottoman empire, which controlled much of the Sunni Islamic world from the 14th to the 20th centuries, the Grand Mufti was given the title Sheikh ul-islam ({{lang-ota|Şeyḫülislām}}). The Ottomans had a strict hierarchy of ulama, with the Sheikh ul-Islam holding the highest rank. A Sheikh ul-Islam was chosen by a royal warrant amongst the qadis of important cities. The Sheikh ul-Islam had the power to confirm new sultans, but once the sultan was affirmed, it was the sultan who retained a higher authority than the Sheik ul-Islam. The Sheikh ul-Islam issued fatwas, which were written interpretations of the Quran that had authority over the community. The Sheikh ul-Islam represented the law of shariah and in the 16th century its importance rose which led to increased power. Sultan Murad appointed a Sufi, Yayha, as his Sheikh ul-Islam during this time which led to violent disapproval. The objection to this appointment made obvious the amount of power the Sheikh ul-Islam had, since people were afraid he would alter the traditions and norms they were living under by issuing new fatwas.

The office of Sheikh ul-islam was abolished in 1924, at the same time as the Ottoman Caliphate. After the National Assembly of Turkey was established in 1920, this office was in the Shar’iyya wa Awqaf Ministry until 1924, when the Ministry was abolished due to separation of religion from state, the office was replaced by the Presidency of Religious Affairs. As the successor entity to the office of the Sheikh al-Islam, the Presidency of Religious Affairs is the most authoritative entity in Turkey in relation to Sunni Islam.

{{further|List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire}}

See also

  • Allamah
  • Mufti
  • Sheikh
  • Sheikh (Sufism)
  • Mawlānā
  • Hadrat
  • Grand Mufti
  • Hujjat al-Islam

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{EI2|volume=9|author1=J.H. Kramers-[R.W. Bulliet] |author2=R.C. Repp |title=Skaykh al-Islam }}
2. ^1 Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, p 509-510. {{ISBN|0691134847}}
3. ^{{cite encyclopedia|author=James Broucek|title=Mufti/Grand mufti|editor=Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone|encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013}}
4. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=eFmKGFZTTcoC&pg=RA1-PA16&lpg=RA1-PA16&dq=%22Ibn+Taymiyya+the+title+Shaykh+al-Islam+%22&source=bl&ots=9I14H4b9u-&sig=UxuFbgl8AKCIp0-BNz1j0I3l3BA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH57GGw9rJAhWEYiYKHW-oBZEQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=%22Ibn%20Taymiyya%20the%20title%20Shaykh%20al-Islam%20%22&f=false Correct Islamic Doctrine/Islamic Doctrine by Ibn Khafif]
5. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=RwPnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA323&lpg=PA323&dq=%22Ibn+Taymiyya+the+title+Shaykh+al-Islam+%22&source=bl&ots=fsQarSrOLU&sig=_V39l76wwcXyC-2l0_4tKdDS_fo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH57GGw9rJAhWEYiYKHW-oBZEQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22Ibn%20Taymiyya%20the%20title%20Shaykh%20al-Islam%20%22&f=false The Biographies Of The Elite Lives Of The Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters by Gibril Fouad Haddad]
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 Al-Dhahabi, Siyar a'lam al-nubala' ('Biographies of Noble Personalities').
7. ^Constructive Critics, Hadith Literature, and the Articulation of Sunni Islam by Scott C. Lucas - Page 87.
8. ^fr:Ibrahim Niasse
9. ^{{cite book|title=Islamic Mysticism and Abu Talib Al-Makki: The Role of the Heart|date=2012|first=Saeko|last=Yazaki|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415671108|page=122}}
10. ^M. M. Sharif, A History of Muslim Philosophy, 1.242. {{ISBN|9694073405}}
11. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=wTDcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113&dq=%22al-fakhr+al-razi%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBxeGxmdzJAhVDHg8KHbw1AdAQ6AEILTAD#v=onepage&q=%22al-fakhr%20al-razi%22&f=false Islam and Other Religions: Pathways to Dialogue by Irfan Omar]
12. ^{{cite book | title=Islamic Law and the State: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Shihab Al-Din Al-Qarafi (Studies in Islamic Law & Society) | last1=Jackson| first=Sherman| isbn=9004104585|publisher=Brill|page=10|date=1996}}
13. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=PM7wz92Tq6oC&pg=PA8&dq=%22Shaykh+al-Islam+al-%27Izz+ibn+%27Abd+al-Salam%22&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Shaykh%20al-Islam%20al-'Izz%20ibn%20'Abd%20al-Salam%22&f=false Allah's Names and Attributes (Islamic Doctrines & Beliefs) by Imam Al-Bayhaqi (Author), Gibril Fouad Haddad (Translator)]
14. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=_i1tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+final+link+in+the+chain+of+authorities+going+back+to+the+speaker+is+Shaykh+al-Islam+Ibn+Daqiq+al-%27Id%22&dq=%22The+final+link+in+the+chain+of+authorities+going+back+to+the+speaker+is+Shaykh+al-Islam+Ibn+Daqiq+al-%27Id%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1iIf64dzJAhUHORoKHUDvCM8Q6AEIGzAA Islamic Culture - Volume 45 - Page 195]
15. ^[https://books.google.nl/books?id=eFmKGFZTTcoC&pg=RA1-PA11&dq=%22Shaykh+al-Islam+al-Nawawi%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFnYSMkPHJAhVLlxoKHfJiC9oQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=%22Shaykh%20al-Islam%20al-Nawawi%22&f=false Correct Islamic Doctrine/Islamic Doctrine - Page 11.]
16. ^Abu Zayd Bakr bin Abdullah, Madkhal al-mufassal ila fiqh al-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal wa-takhrijat al-ashab. Riyadh: Dar al 'Aminah, 2007
17. ^Mohammad Hassan Khalil, Islam and the Fate of Others: The Salvation Question, Oxford University Press, 3 May 2012, p 89. {{ISBN|0199796661}}
18. ^Tasawwuf al-Subki
19. ^{{EI2 | volume=1 |page=791}}
20. ^{{EI2 | volume=11 |page=406}}
21. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=u49xBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&dq=%22Shaykh+al-Islam+Zakariyya+al-Ansari%22&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Shaykh%20al-Islam%20Zakariyya%20al-Ansari%22&f=false Safinah Safinat al-Naja' - The Ship of Salvation]
22. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C&pg=PA56&dq=%22Shaykh+al-Islam+Zakariyya+al-Ansari%22&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Shaykh%20al-Islam%20Zakariyya%20al-Ansari%22&f=false Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire by John O. Hunwick]
23. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77&dq=%22were+Shaykh+al-Islam+Zakariyya+al%E2%80%94Ansari%22&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22were%20Shaykh%20al-Islam%20Zakariyya%20al%E2%80%94Ansari%22&f=false The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri by Aaron Spevack]
24. ^[https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=PfuXZaumtq4C&pg=PA152&dq=%22Shaykh+al-Islam++al-Haytami%22&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Shaykh%20al-Islam%20%20al-Haytami%22&f=false The Prophets in Barzakh/The Hadith of Isra' and Mi'raj/The Immense Merrits of Al-Sham/The Vision of Allah by Al-Sayyid Muhammad Ibn 'Alawi]
25. ^[Mamluk Studies Review - Volume 6 - Page 118.]
26. ^[https://books.google.nl/books?id=RwPnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA236&dq=%22Shaykh+al-Islam,+Siraj+alDin+al-Bulqini%22&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Shaykh%20al-Islam%2C%20Siraj%20alDin%20al-Bulqini%22&f=false The Biographies Of The Elite Lives Of The Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters by Gibril Fouad Haddad.]

External links

{{wikisource|The New York Times/Defense Committee Corners Supplies|NYT 1915 "Defense Committee Corners Supplies"}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060505225813/http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/english/tanitim.asp?id=4 Presidency of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Turkey]
{{Organisation of the Ottoman Empire}}{{Ottoman Empire topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheikh ul islam}}

1 : Shaykh al-Islāms
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