| 词条 | Sheila Jeffreys |
| 释义 |
| image = | image_size = | name = Sheila Jeffreys | fullname = | other_names = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|05|13}} | birth_place = United Kingdom[1] | nationality = English-Australian | known_for = Feminist activism | alma_mater = | main_interests = Feminist scholar, author, political activist | awards = | website = www.sheilajeffreys.com }} Sheila Jeffreys (born 13 May 1948)[2] is a former professor of political science at the University of Melbourne. An English expatriate and lesbian feminist scholar, she analyses the history and politics of human sexuality. Jeffreys' argument that the "sexual revolution" on men's terms contributed less to women's freedom than to their continued oppression has commanded respect and attracted intense criticism.[3][4][5][6] She argues that women suffering pain in pursuit of beauty is a form of submission to patriarchal sadism, that transsexuals reproduce oppressive gender roles and mutilate their bodies through sex reassignment surgery, and that lesbian culture has been negatively affected by emulating the sexist influence of the gay male subculture of dominant/submissive sexuality. She is the author of several books about feminism and feminist history, including The Spinster and Her Enemies (1985), The Sexuality Debates (1987), Anticlimax (1990), Beauty and Misogyny (2005), and Gender Hurts (2014). Early lifeJeffreys was born to an army family from London's East End. After attending an all-girls grammar school, she studied at Manchester University, then taught at a girls' boarding school. In 1973, Julie Bindel writes, Jeffreys decided "to abandon both heterosexuality and her feminine appearance".[7] Jeffreys wrote in Beauty and Misogyny (2005): {{quote|In 1973 I gave up beauty practices as part of [the feminist] movement, supported by the strength of the thousands of heterosexual and lesbian women around me who were also rejecting them. I stopped dyeing my hair 'mid-golden sable' and cut it short. I stopped wearing make-up. I stopped wearing high heels and, eventually, gave up skirts. I stopped shaving my armpits and legs. I did not go back to these practices even during the darkest years of the 1990s and early 2000s, when the strength of the Women's Liberation Movement was no longer there to support the rejection of these cultural requirements."[8]}}WorksIn 1979, Jeffreys helped write Love Your Enemy? The Debate Between Heterosexual Feminism and Political Lesbianism, along with other members of the Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group. Its authors stated, "We do think... that all feminists can and should be lesbians. Our definition of a political lesbian is a woman-identified woman who does not fuck men. It does not mean compulsory sexual activity with women."[9] Jeffreys was one of several contributors to The Sexual Dynamics of History: Men's Power, Women's Resistance, an anthology of feminist writings about gender relations published in 1983 under the name "London Feminist History Group." Jeffreys wrote the chapter on "Sex reform and anti-feminism in the 1920s".[9] In The Spinster and Her Enemies: Feminism and Sexuality 1880–1930, published in 1985, Jeffreys examines feminist involvement in the Social Purity movement at the turn of the century. In her 1990 work Anticlimax: A Feminist Perspective on the Sexual Revolution, Jeffreys offered a critique of the sexual revolution of the 1960s.[5] The Lesbian Heresy was published in 1993.[10] In it Jeffreys criticises sadomasochistic practices involving women. One author involved in sadomasochism cites Jeffreys' views in this book as an example of the "simplistic and dualistic thinking" among anti-sadomasochism campaigners. Jeffreys describes sadomasochism as "male supremacist", a reenactment of heterosexual male dominance and women's oppression that glorifies violence and uses women's bodies as a sex aid, and as anti-lesbian and fascistic. The author claims that Jeffreys ignores that some heterosexual women may enjoy sadomasochistic activity, and that 'tops' may be women who work hard to give their 'bottoms' pleasure, rather than the passive recipients of sex in the way she describes.[11]The Industrial Vagina: The Political Economy of the Global Sex Trade was published in 2009. In it, Jeffreys describes the globalisation of the sex industry, and calls marriage a form of prostitution. Jeffreys writes, "the right of men to women's bodies for sexual use has not gone but remains an assumption at the basis of heterosexual relationships", and draws links between marriage and prostitution, such as mail-order brides, which she sees as a form of trafficking.[12]Views on transsexualismThe University of Melbourne, Jeffreys' employer until her retirement in May 2015,[13] advertised her services as an expert on a number of subjects: {{quote|Female-to-male transsexualism; Gay pornography; Feminist critiques of queer theory; Queer political agenda; International sex industry. (Western beauty practices as makeup, high heel shoes, cosmetic surgery, as well as pornochic; Misogyny in fashion and transfemininity.)[14]}}In an interview, Julie Bindel explains that Jeffreys believes sex reassignment surgery "is an extension of the beauty industry offering cosmetic solutions to deeper rooted problems" and that in a society without gender this would be unnecessary.[15] Jeffreys has presented these views in various forums. In a 1997 article in the Journal of Lesbian Studies, for example, Jeffreys contended that "transsexualism should be seen as a violation of human rights." Jeffreys also argued that "the vast majority of transsexuals still subscribe to the traditional stereotype of women" and that by transitioning medically and socially, trans women are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be. They are inventing an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."[16] Jeffreys' opinions on these topics have been challenged by transgender activists. Roz Kaveney, a trans woman and critic of Jeffreys, wrote in The Guardian that Sheila Jeffreys and radical feminists who share her views are "acting like a cult." Kaveney compared Jeffreys' desire to ban transsexual surgery to the Catholic Church's desire to ban abortion, arguing that both proposals bear negative "implications for all women." Kaveney also criticised Jeffreys and her supporters for alleged "anti-intellectualism, emphasis on innate knowledge, fetishisation of tiny ideological differences, heresy hunting, conspiracy theories, rhetorical use of images of disgust, talk of stabs in the back and romantic apocalypticism."[17] Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism, a book cowritten by Jeffreys and Lorene Gottschalk, was published in April 2014. Timothy Laurie argued that the formalisation of social dynamics between men and women in Gender Hurts in terms of "strategies' and dividends" risks "confusing the continued existence of unequal economic exchanges (well documented by R.W. Connell) with the less predictable, but equally important, struggles over what gets labelled 'masculine' and 'feminine' and for what collective purposes".[18]In May 2014, Judith Butler weighed in on Jeffreys' view that sex reassignment surgery is directly political.[16] To Jeffreys' notion that reassignment surgery is a component of patriarchal control, Butler responded that "One problem with that view of social construction is that it suggests that what trans people feel about what their gender is, and should be, is itself “constructed” and, therefore, not real. And then the feminist police comes along".[19] Jeffreys stated in a 2014 ABC Radio "Sunday Night Safran" program that transsexual women are either "homosexual men who don’t feel they can be homosexual in the bodies of men" or "heterosexual men who have a sexual interest in wearing women’s clothes and having the appearance of women", provoking criticism from members of the Indigenous and trans communities for racism and transphobia.[20][21] Selected worksBooks{{refbegin}}
References1. ^{{cite web | title = Author/Editor: Sheila Jeffreys | url = http://www.spinifexpress.com.au/Bookstore/author/id=57/ | website = spinifexpress.com.au | publisher = Spinifex Press }} {{Feminism}}{{Radical feminism}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeffreys, Sheila}}2. ^{{cite web |title= Jeffreys, Sheila |url= http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85015338.html |publisher= Library of Congress |accessdate= 1 August 2014 |quote= ECIP data view (b. May 13, 1948) }} 3. ^{{citation | last = Zoftig | first = Sarah | contribution = Coming out | editor-last = SAMOIS | editor-link = Samois | title = Coming to power: writings and graphics on lesbian S/M: S/M, a form of eroticism based on a consenual exchange of power | page = 88 | publisher = Alyson Publications | location = Boston, Massachusetts | year = 1982 | isbn = 9780932870285 | edition = 2nd | ref = harv | postscript = .}} 4. ^{{cite book | last = Vance | first = Carole S. | title = Pleasure and danger: exploring female sexuality | page = 302 | publisher = Pandora Press | location = London New York | year = 1992 | isbn = 9780044408673 }} 5. ^1 {{citation | last = Egerton | first = Jane | contribution = Sheila Jeffreys | editor-last = Gilbert | editor-first = Harriett | editor-link = Harriett Gilbert | title = The sexual imagination from Acker to Zola: a feminist companion | page = 133 | publisher = Jonathan Cape | location = London | year = 1993 | isbn = 9780224035354 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} 6. ^{{citation | last = Denfeld | first = Rene | author-link = Rene Denfeld | contribution = The antiphallic campaign: male bashing and sexual politics | editor-last = Denfeld | editor-first = Rene | editor-link = Rene Denfeld | title = The new Victorians: a young woman's challenge to the old feminist order | pages = 35 | publisher = Allen & Unwin | location = St Leonards, New South Wales | year = 1995 | isbn = 9781863737890 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} 7. ^Bindel, Julie (2 July 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/02/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety "The ugly side of beauty"], The Guardian. 8. ^{{cite book | last = Jeffreys | first = Sheila | title = Beauty and Misogyny: Harmful Cultural Practices in the West | publisher = Routledge | location = London and New York | year = 2005 | p = 163| isbn = 9780415351829 }} 9. ^{{citation | last = Jeffreys | first = Sheila | contribution = Sex reform and anti-feminism in the 1920s | editor-last = London Feminist History Group | title = The Sexual dynamics of history: men's power, women's resistance |page= vi | publisher = Pluto Press | location = London | year = 1983 | isbn = 9780861047116 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} 10. ^{{cite book | last = Jeffreys | first = Sheila | title = The lesbian heresy: a feminist perspective on the lesbian sexual revolution | publisher = Spinifex | location = North Melbourne, Victoria | year = 1993 | isbn = 9781875559176 }} 11. ^{{citation | last = Stein | first = Atara | contribution = 'Without contraries is no progression': S/M bi-nary thinking, and the lesbian purity test | editor-first = Dawn | editor-last = Atkins | editor-link = Dawn Atkins (anthropologist) | title = Lesbian sex scandals: sexual practices, identities, and politics | publisher = Haworth Press | page = 53 | location = New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780789005489 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=seZp6LNoF60C&pg=PA53 Preview] 12. ^{{Cite news | last= Bindel | first= Julie | author-link = Julie Bindel | title= 'Marriage is a form of prostitution' | work = The Guardian | date= 12 November 2008 | url= https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/nov/12/women-prostitution-marriage-sex-trade}} 13. ^{{cite news | last = Cook | first = Henrietta | title = Radical feminist Sheila Jeffreys retires after 24 years at the University of Melbourne | url = http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/radical-feminist-sheila-jeffreys-retires-after-24-years-at-the-university-of-melbourne-20150522-gh7g1c.html | location = Victoria, Australia | date = 23 May 2015 }} 14. ^{{cite web | title = Prof Sheila Jeffreys | url = http://www.findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/display/person14541 | website = findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au | publisher = University of Melbourne }} 15. ^1 {{Cite news | last= Bindel | first= Julie | author-link = Julie Bindel | title= The ugly side of beauty | work = The Guardian | date= 2 July 2005 | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/02/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety}} 16. ^1 {{Cite journal | last = Jeffreys | first = Sheila | title = Transgender activism: a lesbian feminist perspective | journal = Journal of Lesbian Studies | volume = 1 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 55–74 | doi = 10.1300/J155v01n03_03 | date = May 1997 | ref = harv }} Pdf. 17. ^{{Cite news | last= Kaveney | first= Roz | author-link = Roz Kaveney | title= Radical feminists are acting like a cult | work = The Guardian | date= 25 May 2012 | url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/may/25/radical-feminism-trans-radfem2012?INTCMP=SRCH}} 18. ^{{Cite journal | last = Laurie | first = Timothy | title = Masculinity studies and the jargon of strategy: hegemony, tautology, sense | journal = Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities, Special Issue: Geophilosophies of Masculinity: Remapping Gender, Aesthetics and Knowledge | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–30 | doi = 10.1080/0969725X.2015.1017373 | date = 2015 | ref = harv }} [https://www.academia.edu/10912537 Pdf.] 19. ^{{cite web | last1 = Butler | first1 = Judith | last2 = Williams | first2 = Cristan | author-link1 = Judith Butler | title = Judith Butler addresses TERFs and the work of Sheila Jeffreys and Janice Raymond | url = http://theterfs.com/2014/05/01/judith-butler-addresses-terfs-and-the-work-of-sheila-jeffreys-and-janice-raymond/ | publisher = The TERFS (Trans Exclusionary Radical Feminists) via WordPress | date = 1 May 2014 }} {{Self published inline|date = February 2017| certain = yes}} 20. ^{{Cite episode | title = Sunday 16 February 2014 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/safran/podcast/ | series = Sunday Night Safran | series-link = Sunday Night Safran | first1 = John (co-host) | last1 = Safran | first2 = Bob (co-host) | last2 = Maguire | first3 = Sheila (guest) | last3 = Jeffreys | first4 = Sean (guest) | last4 = Flannery | first5 = Jeff (guest) | last5 = Sparrow | author-link1 = John Safran | author-link2 = Bob Maguire | author-link5 = Jeff Sparrow | network = ABC | station = Triple J | date = 16 February 2014 }} 21. ^{{cite news |last = Ozturk | first = Serkan | title = Leading feminist launches bizarre 'racist' attack on trans community | url = http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/local-news/leading-feminist-launches-bizarre-racist-attack-on-trans-community/118883 | work = Star Observer | date = 5 March 2014 }} 32 : 1948 births|20th-century atheists|21st-century atheists|Living people|English emigrants to Australia|Anti-pornography feminists|Anti-prostitution feminists|Anti-prostitution activists in the United States|Atheist feminists|Australian atheists|Australian women academics|Australian women writers|Australian women's rights activists|Australian feminist writers|Historians of LGBT topics|Lesbian writers|LGBT writers from Australia|LGBT rights activists from Australia|Political lesbians|Lesbian feminists|Australian political scientists|University of Melbourne faculty|Radical feminists|English atheists|British women academics|English women non-fiction writers|British women's rights activists|English feminist writers|English political scientists|LGBT writers from England|LGBT rights activists from England|University of Melbourne women |
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