| 词条 | Shepherdia argentea |
| 释义 |
| image = SilverBuffaloberry-SK..jpg | genus = Shepherdia | species = argentea | authority = (Pursh) Nutt. |synonyms_ref=[1] |synonyms=*Hippophae argentea Pursh 1813
| range_map = Shepherdia argentea range map.png }} Shepherdia argentea, commonly called silver buffaloberry,[2] bull berry, or thorny buffaloberry, is a species of Shepherdia in the Russian olive family. It is native to central and western North America, from the Prairie Provinces of Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba) southwards in the United States as far as Ventura County in California, as well as northern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico.[3][4] DescriptionShepherdia argentea is a deciduous shrub growing from {{convert|2|-|6|m|ft}} tall. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs (rarely alternately arranged), 2–6 cm long, oval with a rounded apex, green with a covering of fine silvery, silky hairs, more thickly silvery below than above.[5]The flowers are pale yellow, with four sepals but no petals.[5] The fruit is a bright red fleshy drupe 5 mm in diameter; it is edible but with a rather bitter taste.[5] Two cultivars, 'Xanthocarpa' and 'Goldeneye', form yellow fruit.[6] EcologyThe berry is one of the mainstays of the diet of the sharp-tailed grouse, the provincial bird of Saskatchewan. The foliage provides important forage for mule deer[7] and white-tailed deer.[8] The shrub's thorny branches and thicket forming habit provide a shelter for many small animal species and an ideal nesting site for songbirds.[9] Over the extent of its range, the buffaloberry is an important species in a variety of ecological communities. For example, in the shrub-grassland communities of North Dakota it is found growing with many native grasses, while in riparian woodlands of Montana and Western North Dakota it can be found in plant communities dominated by green ash.[10] UsesLike the Canada buffaloberry, Sheperdia argentea has been used historically as a food, medicine, and dye.[11] Its various uses including the treatment of stomach troubles and in coming-of-age ceremonies for girls.[12] In the Great Basin, the berries were eaten raw and dried for winter use, but more often cooked into a flavoring sauce for bison meat.[13] The buffaloberry has been a staple food to some American Indians, who ate the berries in puddings, jellies, and in raw or dried form.[14] The Gosiute Shoshone name for the plant is añ-ka-mo-do-nûp.[15] References1. ^Tropicos, Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt. 2. ^{{PLANTS|id=SHAR|taxon=Shepherdia argentea|accessdate=11 November 2015}} 3. ^{{GRIN | accessdate = 10 January 2018}} 4. ^Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map 5. ^Jepson Flora: Shepherdia argentea 6. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Brand|first=Mark H|title=Shepherdia argentea|url=http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/s/shearg/shearg1.html|work=UConn Plant Database of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines|publisher=University of Connecticut Horticulture|accessdate=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095940/http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/s/shearg/shearg1.html|archive-date=2013-12-06|dead-url=yes|df=}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Silver Buffaloberry|url=http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/trees/handbook/th-3-5.pdf|work=N.D. Tree Handbook|publisher=NDSU Agriculture|accessdate=2 December 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Silver Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea)|url=http://animalrangeextension.montana.edu/articles/forage/Plants/SilBuffaloberry.htm|work=Habitat Management Suggestions for Selected Wildlife Species|publisher=Montana State University, Animal and Range Sciences|accessdate=2 December 2013|authors=R.J. Mackie, R.F. Batchelor, M.E. Majerus, J.P. Weigand, and V.P. Sundberg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610084012/http://www.animalrangeextension.montana.edu/articles/forage/Plants/SilBuffaloberry.htm|archive-date=2010-06-10|dead-url=yes|df=}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Silver Buffaloberry|url=http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_shar.pdf|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service|accessdate=2 December 2013}} 10. ^{{cite web|last=Esser,|first=Lora L|title=Shepherdia argentea|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/shearg/all.html#BOTANICAL%20AND%20ECOLOGICAL%20CHARACTERISTICS|work=Fire Effects Information System|publisher=USDA Forest Service|accessdate=2 December 2013}} 11. ^{{cite web|last=Benfer|first=Adam|title=Buffaloberry|url=http://www.aihd.ku.edu/foods/buffaloberry.html|work=Foods Indigenous to the Western Hemisphere|publisher=Kansas University American Indian Health and Diet Project|accessdate=2 December 2013}} 12. ^{{cite journal|title=Phytochemical Composition and Metabolic Performance Enhancing Activity of Dietary Berries Traditionally Used by Native North Americans|date=23 January 2008|pmc=2792121 | pmid=18211018|doi=10.1021/jf071999d|volume=56|journal=J Agric Food Chem|pages=654–60 | last1 = Burns Kraft | first1 = TF | last2 = Dey | first2 = M | last3 = Rogers | first3 = RB | last4 = Ribnicky | first4 = DM | last5 = Gipp | first5 = DM | last6 = Cefalu | first6 = WT | last7 = Raskin | first7 = I | last8 = Lila | first8 = MA}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin|year=1986|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington D.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5nTRmIVQaEC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=silver+buffaloberry+medicinal+usage&source=bl&ots=hM4yZYgZbQ&sig=fcU0-dGYzyxOOw1gvqQvonZs6Ag&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4IudUvqNDIyUjAL52YCYCQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=buffaloberry&f=false|editor=William C. Sturtevant|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 14. ^{{cite book|title=Wild Berries of the West|year=2001|publisher=Mountain Press Publishing Company|location=Missoula, Montana|isbn=0-87842-433-4|page=119|authors=Betty B. Derig and Margaret C. Fuller}} 15. ^{{cite paper |url=http://www.swsbm.com/Ethnobotany/Ethnobotan_of_Gosiute.pdf |title=The Ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah |accessdate=2007-11-12 |last=Chamberlin |first=Ralph Vary |authorlink=Ralph Vary Chamberlin |year=1911 |work=Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association Vol II, part 5 |publisher= }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} External links{{Wikispecies}}{{NIE Poster|Buffalo-berry|Shepherdia argentea}}
12 : Shepherdia|Berries|Plants described in 1813|Natural history of the California Coast Ranges|Natural history of the Transverse Ranges|Medicinal plants of North America|Plants used in traditional Native American medicine|Flora of the Northwestern United States|Flora of the Southwestern United States|Flora of the North-Central United States|Flora of the South-Central United States|Flora of Western Canada |
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