| 词条 | Shifta |
| 释义 |
ConceptsThe term shifta has positive and negative connotations, that of a common bandit and that of a revolutionary; both concepts being distinct, but not necessarily mutually exclusive. They are often considered as highly respected, politically minded outlaws struggling for social order or a political cause. When applied in this context, shiftinnet (being a shifta) in its diverse forms has a social function as a form of conflict resolution. In Eritrea, during the British administration, military units were used to police the lawless areas and stop common shifta activity.[6][7] In Ethiopia, individuals who started as shifta have risen to the level of warlord or Emperor thus legitimizing the concept of shifta itself. Two nineteenth-century shiftas, Kassa Hailu[8] of Gondar and Kassai Mircha of Tigray, became respectively, Emperor Tewodros and Emperor Yohannes in the later 19th century. Thus the shiftas formed the military elite and became the core of the resistance, using their military skills against the Italians. A shifta, however, whose acts surpassed social norms would be called t'era-shifta and would be regarded as a thief or bandit. The Italians labelled all shiftas as t'era-shiftas, of the criminal type.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} Nevertheless, to be described as a shifta, especially during the Italian occupation, was an honour for an Ethiopian and this was how resistance started and spread. Both Isaias Afewerki of Eritrea and Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia were called shifta when they served, respectively, as rebel leaders of the EPLF and TPLF.[9] See also
References and notes1. ^{{cite web |url=http://hrw.org/about/projects/womrep/General-73.htm#P1346_327642 |title=Somali Refugees in Kenya |accessdate=2007-03-29 |format= |work=Human Rights Watch |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316084627/http://www.hrw.org/about/projects/womrep/General-73.htm#P1346_327642 |archivedate=2007-03-16 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://arts.brunel.ac.uk/gate/entertext/4_2/crummey.pdf |format=PDF |title=African Banditry Revisted |accessdate=2008-10-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811213428/http://arts.brunel.ac.uk/gate/entertext/4_2/crummey.pdf |archivedate=2011-08-11 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite book |last= Hamilton |first= David |author2=Shinn, Thomas P. Ofcansky, Chris Prouty |title= Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia |publisher= Scarecrow Pres | date=September 2004 |isbn=9780810849105 }} 4. ^shifta Definition {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411030545/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_701709848/shifta.html |date=2008-04-11 }}, Encarta 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.scotsman.com/ethiopia/Hunt-for-tourists-moves-to.3351416.jp |title=Hunt for tourists moves to Eritrea |accessdate=2007-03-29 |format= |work=Scotland on Sunday }} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com/RRGP/Shifta.html |title=Battling the Shifta in Eritrea |accessdate=2007-04-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209005156/http://britains-smallwars.com/RRGP/Shifta.html |archivedate=2007-02-09 |df= }} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://history.farmersboys.com/Battle_Honours/eritrea.htm |title=THE ROYAL BERKSHIRE REGIMENT THE LAST TWELVE YEARS |accessdate=2007-04-07 }} 8. ^{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Jon Abbink |author2=Mirjam de Bruijn, Klaas van Walraven |editor= |others= |title=Rethinking Resistance: revolt and violence in African history |origdate= |origyear=2003 |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |year= |month= |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location= |language= |isbn=90-04-12624-4 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=95–96 |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }} 9. ^{{cite book |last= Abbink |first= Jon |author2=Mirjam de Bruijn, Klaas van Walraven |title= Revolt and Violence in African History |publisher= Brill Academic Publishers | date=September 2003 |isbn= 9789004126244 }} 3 : Horn of Africa|Outlaws|Rebels |
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