1. Specification
    Probability density function  Cumulative distribution function 

2. Properties
    Shapes 

3. Related distributions

4. See also

5. References

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 shape (real)|   support    =|   pdf        =|   cdf        =|   mean       = 

where and

|

   median     =|   mode       = 
 
|   variance   = 

where and |

   skewness   =|   kurtosis   =|   entropy    =|   mgf        =|   char       =| }}

The shifted Gompertz distribution is the distribution of the larger of two independent random variables one of which has an exponential distribution with parameter and the other has a Gumbel distribution with parameters and . In its original formulation the distribution was expressed referring to the Gompertz distribution instead of the Gumbel distribution but, since the Gompertz distribution is a reverted Gumbel distribution, the labelling can be considered as accurate. It has been used as a model of adoption of innovations. It was proposed by Bemmaor^[1] (1994). Some of its statistical properties have been studied further by Jiménez and Jodrá ^[2](2009)

and Jiménez Torres ^[3](2014).

It has been used to predict the growth and decline of social networks and on-line services and shown to be superior to the Bass model and Weibull distribution (Bauckhage and Kersting ^[4] 2014).

Specification

Probability density function

The probability density function of the shifted Gompertz distribution is:

where is a scale parameter and is a shape parameter. In the context of diffusion of innovations, can be interpreted as the overall appeal of the innovation and is the propensity to adopt in the propensity-to-adopt paradigm. The larger is, the stronger the appeal and the larger is, the smaller the propensity to adopt.

The distribution can be reparametrized according to the innovation-imitation paradigm with as the coefficient of innovation and as the coefficient of imitation. Hence:

When , the shifted Gompertz distribution reduces to an exponential distribution. When , the proportion of adopters is nill: the innovation is a complete failure. The shape parameter becomes equal to .

Cumulative distribution function

The cumulative distribution function of the shifted Gompertz distribution is:

Equivalently,

Properties

The shifted Gompertz distribution is right-skewed for all values of . It is more flexible than the Gumbel distribution. The hazard function is a concave function of which increases from to : its curvature is all the steeper as is large. Contrary to some other distributions, the hazard function cannot be expressed as a closed-form expression of . In the context of the diffusion of innovations, the effect of word of mouth on the likelihood to adopt is stronger at the early stages of adoption than at the later ones. The parameter captures the growth of the hazard function from to .

Shapes

The shifted Gompertz density function can take on different shapes depending on the values of the shape parameter :

• the probability density function has its mode at 0.
• the probability density function has its mode at

where is the smallest root of

which is

Related distributions

When varies according to a gamma distribution with shape parameter and scale parameter (mean = ), the distribution of is Gamma/Shifted Gompertz (G/SG). When is equal to one, the G/SG reduces to the Bass model (Bemmaor 1994). The three-parameter G/SG has been applied by Dover, Goldenberg and Shapira ^[5](2009) and Van den Bulte and Stremersch ^[6](2004) among others in the context of the diffusion of innovations. The model is discussed in Chandrasekaran and Tellis ^[7](2007).Similar to the shifted Gompertz distribution, the G/SG can either be represented according to the propensity-to-adopt paradigm or according to the innovation-imitation paradigm. In the latter case, it includes three parameters: and with and . The parameter modifies the curvature of the hazard rate as expressed as a function of : when is less than 0.5, it decreases to a minimum prior to increasing at an increasing rate as increases, it is convex when is less than one and larger or equal to 0.5, linear when is equal to one, and concave when is larger than one. Here are some special cases of the G/SG distribution in its innovation-imitation formulation:

with:

One can compare the parameters and across the values of as they capture the same notions. In all the cases, the hazard function is either constant or a monotonically increasing function of (positive word of mouth). As the diffusion curve is all the more skewed as becomes large, we expect to decrease as the level of right-skew increases.

See also

• Gumbel distribution
• Generalized extreme value distribution
• Mixture model
• Bass model
• Gompertz distribution

References

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