“Shiratsuyu-class destroyer”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The {{nihongo|Shiratsuyu-class destroyers|白露型駆逐艦|Shiratsuyugata kuchikukan}} were a class of ten destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy in service before and during World War II.^[1]

Background

The initial six Shiratsuyu-class destroyers were modified versions of the {{sclass-|Hatsuharu|destroyer|4}}, and had been originally planned as the final six vessels of that class under the ”Circle-One” Naval Expansion Plan.

However, design issues with the Hatsuharu-class ships, notably their “top-heavy” design relative to their small displacement, resulted in extensive modifications, to the point where the final six vessels on order were named as a separate class. The redesign caused the new class to exceed the limitations imposed by the 1930 London Naval Treaty.^[2] An additional four vessels were ordered under the ”Circle-Two Naval Expansion Plan of fiscal 1934, and all vessels were completed by 1937.

As with the Hatsuharu class, the Shiratsuyu-class destroyers were designed to accompany the Japanese main striking force and to conduct both day and night torpedo attacks against the United States Navy as it advanced across the Pacific Ocean, according to Japanese naval strategic projections.^[3] Despite being one of the most powerful classes of destroyers in the world at the time of their completion, none survived the Pacific War.^[4]

Design

In general layout, the Shiratsuyu-class vessels closely resembled the Ariake sub-class, or final version of the Hatsuharu class, differing only in the lower and more compact bridge design and the shape and inclination of the funnels. The hull retained the general configuration of the Hatsuharu class with a long forecastle with a pronounced flare to improve sea-keeping at high speeds by adding buoyancy and reducing the spray and water coming over the deck, but with a shorter forecastle and longer stern. The same engines were used as on the Hatsuharu class, and due to their greater displacement and draft, the Shiratsuyu-class could only attain 34 knots.^[2]

The Shiratsuyu class were the first Japanese warships to be completed with quadruple torpedo mounts and telephone communications to the torpedo station.^[2] As with the Hatsuharu class. the torpedo launchers were given a protective shield to allow for use in heavy weather and to protect against splinter damage.

Propulsion

The Shiratsuyu class, as with the previous Hatsuharu class, carried two sets of Kampon geared turbines, one for each shaft. Each set consisted one low-pressure and one high-pressure turbine, plus a cruise turbine connected to the high-pressure turbine. The LP and HP turbines were connected to the propeller shaft by a two-pinion reduction gear. Each propeller had a diameter of {{convert|3.05|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a pitch of {{convert|3.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The total horsepower of the Shiratsuyu class was only {{convert|42000|hp|abbr=on}} compared to the {{convert|50000|hp|abbr=on}} of their Fubuki-class predecessors, but the machinery was significantly lighter and more powerful on a unit basis. The Shiratsuyus{{'}} machinery weighed only {{convert|106|t|ton}} compared to the {{convert|144|t|ton}} of the Fubuki class, or 396 shaft horsepower per tonne versus 347 shaft horsepower per tonne for the older ships.^[5]

Similarly the three Kampon Type Ro-Gō boilers used in the Shiratsuyu-class ships weighed {{convert|50|t|ton}} in comparison to the {{convert|51|t|ton}} boilers used in the Fubuki class, but produced {{convert|14000|hp|abbr=on}} each while the older boilers produced {{convert|12500|hp|abbr=on}}. This gave a ratio of 3.6 kg per shaft horsepower for the Shiratsuyu class compared to the 4.1 kg per shaft horsepower of their predecessors. The newer design of boilers initially used steam pressurized to {{convert|20|bar|psi|adj=on}}, just like the older models, but used superheating to improve efficiency while the older boilers simply used saturated steam.^[6]

A single 100 kW turbo-generator was fitted behind the reduction gears in a separate compartment and two 40 kW diesel generators were located between the propeller shafts. As initially completed the Shiratsuyu class had a range of {{convert|4000|nmi|km|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|18|kn|km/h|lk=in}} with {{convert|460|t|ton}} of fuel.^[7]

Armament

The Shiratsuyu-class destroyers used the same 50 caliber 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun as the Fubuki class, but all turrets could elevate to 75° to give the main guns a minimal ability to engage aircraft. During the war the single turret was removed on all surviving ships and replaced with from 13 to 21 (depending on the individual vessel) Type 96 anti-aircraft guns in double and triple mounts. Although these powered mounts were unsatisfactory because their traverse and elevation speeds were too slow to engage high-speed aircraft^[8] more single mounts were fitted to ships in the last year of the war.

For example, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Hatsushimo|1933|2}} of the related Hatsuharu class mounted ten single 25 guns when she was lost in July 1945. Four license-built Type 93 machine guns were also fitted to Hatsushimo, but these were also of limited utility against modern aircraft.^[9]

The 61 cm Type 90 torpedo was mounted in quadruple tube Type 92 launchers, derived from the twin tube Type 89 launcher used in the {{sclass-|Takao|cruiser|0}} heavy cruisers. Shields were fitted to both the torpedo mounts and lockers to protect them from the weather and from strafing aircraft. Initially the shields were made from Duralumin to save weight, but these quickly corroded and had to be replaced. "NiCrMo" steel, taken from the air chambers of obsolete torpedoes, {{convert|3|mm|in|abbr=on}} in thickness, was chosen for the new shields to save weight. It was traversed by an electro-hydraulic system and could traverse 360° in twenty-five seconds. If the backup manual system was used the time required increased to two minutes. Eight reloads were carried, and each tube could be reloaded in twenty-three seconds using the endless wire and winch provided.^[10]

Only eighteen depth charges were initially carried in a rack at the stern, but this increased to thirty-six after the autumn of 1942. Apparently no sonar or hydrophones were fitted until after the outbreak of the war when the Type 93 sonar and Type 93 hydrophones were mounted.^[11]

Radar

Operational history

None of the Shiratsuyu-class ships survived the Pacific War. The lead ship of the class, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Shiratsuyu|1935|2}} was sunk northeast of Mindanao in a collision with the oiler Seiyo Maru. Most of the class were lost to US submarines, with Kawakaze, Yudachi, and Murasame being lost in surface actions. Only Harusame fell victim to aircraft.

List of ships

References

Notes

1. ^Jentsura, Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945
2. ^¹²{{cite book |last1=Stille |first1=Mark |title=Imperial Japanese Navy Destroyers1919–45 (1) |date=2013 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978 1 84908 984 5 |page=39-42}}
3. ^Peattie & Evans, Kaigun .
4. ^Globalsecurity.org, IJN Shiratsuyu class destroyers
5. ^Lengerer, p. 101
6. ^Lengerer, p. 102
7. ^Lengerer, pp. 101-102
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_25mm-60_mg.htm|title=Japan 25 mm/60 (1") Type 96 Model 1|date=4 March 2009|accessdate=2009-07-14}}
9. ^Lengerer, pp. 104-5
10. ^Lengerer, pp. 102-3
11. ^¹Lengerer, p. 106
12. ^Nishida, Imperial Japanese Navy
13. ^{{cite web| last = Nishida| first = Hiroshi| url = http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0426.htm| title = Materials of IJN: Shiratsuyu class destroyer| work = Imperial Japanese Navy| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120722084658/http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/stc0426.htm| archivedate = 2012-07-22| df = }}