| 词条 | Erik Bruhn |
| 释义 |
|name = Erik Bruhn |image = Erik Bruhn.jpg |caption = Erik Bruhn |birth_name = Erik Belton Evers Bruhn |birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|10|3|df=y}} |birth_place = Copenhagen, Denmark |death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|4|1|1928|10|3|df=y}} |death_place = Toronto, Ontario, Canada |death_cause = Lung cancer |other_names = |alma_mater = Royal Danish Ballet School |occupation = Ballet dancer, actor |years_active = 1947–1986 }}{{Inline|date=April 2018}} Erik Belton Evers Bruhn (3 October 1928 – 1 April 1986) was a Danish danseur, choreographer, artistic director, actor, and author. Early lifeErik Bruhn was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, the fourth child and first son of Ellen (née Evers), owner of a hairdressing salon, and third child of Ernst Bruhn. His parents married shortly before his birth.[1] Bruhn began training with the Royal Danish Ballet when he was nine years old, and made his unofficial début on the stage of Copenhagen's Royal Opera House in 1946, dancing the role of Adonis in Harald Lander's ballet Thorvaldsen.[2] CareerHe was taken permanently into the company in 1947 at the age of eighteen. Bruhn took the first of his frequent sabbaticals from the Danish company in 1947, dancing for six months with the short-lived Metropolitan Ballet in England, where he formed his first major partnership, with the Bulgarian ballerina Sonia Arova. He returned to the Royal Danish Ballet in the spring of 1948 and was promoted to soloist in 1949, the highest level a dancer can attain in the Danish ballet. Later in 1949, he again took a leave of absence and joined American Ballet Theatre in New York City, where he would dance regularly for the next nine years, although his home company continued to be the Royal Danish Ballet. The turning point in Bruhn's international career came on 1 May 1955 with his début in the role of Albrecht in Giselle partnering Dame Alicia Markova, nearly twenty years his senior, in a matinée with Ballet Theatre in New York after only three days of rehearsal.[3] The performance caused a sensation. Dance critic John Martin, writing in The New York Times, called it "a date to write down in the history books, for it was as if the greatest Giselle of today were handing over a sacred trust to what is probably the greatest Albrecht of tomorrow." In an article entitled "The Matinée that Made History" in Dance News in June 1955, P. W. Machester wrote:
Bruhn formally resigned from the Danish ballet in 1961, by which time he had become internationally known as a phenomenon, although he continued to dance periodically with the company as a guest artist. In May 1961, he returned to Ballet Theatre for its New York season. In its 5 May issue, Time magazine published a major article on the dancer and his art:
During the next 10 years, Bruhn formed long relationships as a guest artist not only with Ballet Theatre but with most all of the major ballet companies in Europe and North America, including the New York City Ballet, the Joffrey Ballet, the National Ballet of Canada, the Paris Opera Ballet, and London's Royal Ballet. He was best known for his lead roles in La Sylphide, Giselle, Frederick Ashton's Romeo and Juliet, and Swan Lake. John Cranko made Daphnis and Chlöe on him in 1962 at the Stuttgart Ballet, which Bruhn considered his favorite from amongst the ballets created specifically for him.[5] He was also acclaimed in dramatic roles, such as Jean in Birgit Cullberg's Miss Julie, the Moor in José Limón's The Moor's Pavane, and Don José in Roland Petit's Carmen. In addition to Sonia Arova, Bruhn had significant dance partnerships with a large and unusually varied number of ballerinas: the Americans Cynthia Gregory, Nora Kaye, Allegra Kent, and Maria Tallchief; the Russian Natalia Makarova; the Dane Kirstin Simone; the British Nadia Nerina; and, most famously, with the Italian prima ballerina Carla Fracci. In his book, Beyond Technique (1968), Bruhn discussed his thoughts on partnering:
Awards and retirementBruhn was made a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog, one of Denmark's highest honors, in 1963, the same year he was awarded the Nijinsky Prize in Paris.[6] After retiring as a Danseur Noble in 1972, Bruhn danced character roles, such as Madge the Witch in La Sylphide, Dr. Coppelius, and Petrushka. He was director of the Swedish Opera Ballet from 1967 to 1973 and the National Ballet of Canada from 1983 until his death in 1986. Although twice offered the directorship of the Royal Danish Ballet, he twice declined the post. His productions of full-length Classical Ballets, such as La Sylphide, Giselle, Coppélia, and his somewhat controversial Swan Lake for the National Ballet of Canada, were well received, as were his stagings of pas de deux from the Bournonville repertoire. A superb teacher and coach, Bruhn was dedicated to imparting purity of form and dance as drama not spectacle. He believed in "complete identification" with the character being portrayed, "but under complete control. Because if you lose yourself completely, you cannot communicate."[3] In 1974, he played a leading role in the stage play Rashomon with Susse Wold in Denmark, for which he won acclaim. Personal lifeBruhn met Rudolf Nureyev, the celebrated Russian dancer, after Nureyev defected to the West in 1961. Nureyev was a great admirer of Bruhn, having seen filmed performances of the Dane on tour in Russia with the American Ballet Theatre, although stylistically the two dancers were very different. Bruhn became the great love of Nureyev's life[7][8] and the two remained close for 25 years, until Bruhn's death.[9] DeathErik Bruhn died in Toronto General Hospital on 1 April 1986 at the age of 57. His death was attributed to lung cancer.[10] However, according to Pierre-Henri Verlhac, he might have died of AIDS.[11] He is buried in an unmarked grave at Mariebjerg Cemetery in Gentofte, an affluent northern suburb of Copenhagen, near the house where he grew up. Dance critic John Rockwell, in his obituary of Bruhn, noted:
Clive Barnes had named Erik Bruhn "the greatest male classical dancer of his time"[12] when Bruhn retired in 1972. In an appreciation of Bruhn's accomplishments published in The New York Times shortly after his death, dance critic Anna Kisselgoff said:
Bruhn authored Beyond Technique with photos by Fred Fehl (1968, reissued as No. 36 of "Dance Perspectives" in 1973), and with Lillian Moore he co-authored Bournonville and Ballet Technique: Studies and Comments on August Bournonville's Etudes Choregraphiques (1961, reprinted 2005). He was the subject of the book Erik Bruhn: Danseur Noble (1979) by John Gruen, written with his cooperation and based in part on extensive interviews. A 2008 biography in Danish by Alexander Meinertz, Erik Bruhn – Billedet indeni (The Picture Within), has yet to be translated into English. Bruhn was posthumously recognized in 1987 for "exemplary contributions to Canada and its culture" as the first recipient of the annual Pagurian Award for Excellence in the Arts.[14] In 2014 Heritage Toronto erected a plaque to him outside 135 George Street South in the St Lawrence Market area of Toronto. He lived there for many years. LegacyIn a codicil to his will, Bruhn left part of his estate for the establishment of The Erik Bruhn Prize, recognizing dancers from the three companies with which he was most closely associated: the Royal Danish Ballet, American Ballet Theatre, and the National Ballet of Canada, each of which are invited to send one male and one female dancer to the competition, held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Bruhn specified that the prize be awarded to two young dancers who "reflect such technical ability, artistic achievement and dedication as I endeavored to bring to dance." Competitors for the prize are between the ages of 18 and 23 and are selected by their respective Artistic Directors. For the competition, each dancer performs in a classical pas de deux and variations and a contemporary pas de deux or solo work.[15] The first Erik Bruhn Prize was awarded in 1988.[16] FilmographyA few of Erik Bruhn's performances have been preserved, several of which are available on DVD and online:
Performance reviews and critiques
References1. ^Gruen, John Erik Bruhn: Danseur Noble (1979) {{ISBN|0-670-29771-2}} 2. ^Gruen, pg. 33 3. ^1 Bruhn, Erik Beyond Technique (1968) {{ISBN|0-384-06086-2}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,872346,00.html|title=Danseur Noble |accessdate=13 March 2009|work=Time|date=5 May 1961}} 5. ^Gruen, pg. 126 6. ^Gruen, pg. 131 7. ^Kavanagh, Julie Nureyev: The Life (2007) {{ISBN|978-0-375-40513-6}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/sennett_10_07.html |title=Literary Review |accessdate=13 March 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422025214/http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/sennett_10_07.html |archivedate=22 April 2009 |df=dmy }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nureyev.org/rudolf-nureyev-biography-defects-to-the-west-1961/|title=Rudolf Nureyev Foundation Official Website|accessdate=19 March 2009}} 10. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/02/obituaries/erik-bruhn-dies-in-toronto-top-dancer-of-his-generation.html|title=Erik Bruhn Dies in Toronto|accessdate=19 March 2009|work=The New York Times|date=2 April 1986|first=John|last=Rockwell}} 11. ^Verlhac, Pierre-Henri Nurejew: Bilder eines Lebens (Nureyev: Images of a Life)(2008) {{ISBN|978-3-89487-606-7}} 12. ^"A Great Dancer Retires" by Clive Barnes, The New York Times 16 January 1972 13. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/13/arts/dance-view-erik-bruhn-epitome-of-the-danseur-noble.html |title=Erik Bruhn – Epitome of the Danseur Noble |accessdate=23 June 2009 | work=The New York Times | first=Anna | last=Kisselgoff | date=13 April 1986}} 14. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/04/arts/erik-bruhn-is-given-posthumous-award.html|title=Erik Bruhn is Given Posthumous Award|accessdate=23 June 2009|work=The New York Times|date=4 June 1987}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.national.ballet.ca/performances/season0809/erik_bruhn.php|title=The Erik Bruhn Prize|accessdate=11 March 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220100744/http://national.ballet.ca/performances/season0809/erik_bruhn.php|archivedate=20 February 2009}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/15969/Erik-Bruhn-Gala-World-Ballet-Competition/overview|title=Erik Bruhn Gala: World Ballet Competition (1988)|accessdate=19 March 2009|work=The New York Times}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://psweb.sbs.ohio-state.edu/faculty/jmueller/Dfa.htm |title=Dance Film Archive |accessdate=23 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922214006/http://psweb.sbs.ohio-state.edu/faculty/jmueller/Dfa.htm |archivedate=22 September 2009 |df=dmy }} 18. ^Gruen, pg. 239 External links
10 : Danish male ballet dancers|Danish expatriates in Canada|1986 deaths|1928 births|Disease-related deaths in Canada|Gay actors|LGBT dancers|LGBT entertainers from Denmark|People from Copenhagen|20th-century Danish male actors |
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