“Shu'ubiyya”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Shu'ubiyyah ({{lang-ar|الشعوبية}}) refers to the response by non-Arab Muslims to the privileged status of Arabs within the Ummah.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

Terminology

The name of the movement is derived from the Qur'anic use of the word for "nations" or "peoples", shu'ūb.^[1] The verse (49:13) is often used by Muslims to counter prejudice and fighting among different people.

Socio-political movements

The use of the word in the context of a movement existed before the 9th century. The Kharijites, an early splitoff sect from mainstream Islam, used it to mean extending equality between the shu'ub and the qaba'il to bring about equality among all followers of Islam. It was a direct response to the claims by the Quraysh of being privileged to lead the Ummah, or community of believers.

In Iran

When used as a reference to a specific movement, the term refers to a response by Persian Muslims to the growing Arabization of Islam in the 9th and 10th centuries in Iran. It was primarily concerned with preserving Persian culture and protecting Persian identity.^[3] The most notable effect of the movement was the survival of Persian language, the language of the Persians, to the present day. However, the movement never moved into apostasy and has its basis in the Islamic thought of equality of races and nations.

In the late 8th and early 9th centuries, there was a resurgence of Persian national identity. This came about after years of oppression by the Abbasid Caliphate.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} The movement left substantial records in the form of Persian literature and new forms of poetry. Most of those behind the movement were Persian, but references to Egyptians, Berbers and Arameans are attested.^[4]

In Al-Andalus

Two centuries after the end of the Shu'ubiyyah movement in the east, another form of the movement came about in Islamic Spain and was controlled by Muladi (Iberian Muslims). It was fueled mainly by the Berbers, but included many European cultural groups as well including Galicians, Catalans (known by that time as Franks), Calabrians, and Basques. A notable example of Shu'ubi literature is the epistle (risala) of the Andalusian poet Ibn Gharsiya (Garcia).^[5]^[6] According to the Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, however, this epistle was merely of minor importance, and its few exponents tended to repeat clichés adopted from the earlier Islamic East, e.g., Iran.

Neo-Shu'ubiyya

In 1966, Sami Hanna and G.H. Gardner wrote an article "Al-Shu‘ubiyah Updated" in the Middle East Journal.^[7] The Dutch university professor Leonard C. Biegel, in his 1972 book Minorities in the Middle East: Their significance as political factor in the Arab World, coined from the article of Hanna and Gardner the term Neo-Shu'ubiyah to name the modern attempts of alternative non-Arab and often non-Muslim nationalisms in the Middle East, e.g. Assyrian nationalism, Kurdish nationalism, Pharaonism, Phoenicianism, Syrian nationalism.^[8] In a 1984 article, Daniel Dishon and Bruce Maddi-Weitzmann use the same neologism, Neo-Shu'ubiyya.^[9]

Some of these groups, more particularly the Kurds, Assyrians, Yezidis and Mandaeans, together with a very small number of Mhallami are not actually Arabs nor Arabic speakers, and have been shown to have upheld a distinct identity both before and after the Arab-Islamic conquest of the Near East.

In a 2002 article, Ariel I. Ahram pointed out a similar modern meaning of the term shu'ubiya against Iraqi Shi'a Muslims, and more generally against Shi'a Islam^[10]

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite book|last=Jamshidian Tehrani|first=Jafar|title=Shu'ubiyya: Independence movements in Iran|year=2014| isbn=978-1500737306|url=https://www.amazon.com/Shuubiyya-Independence-movements-Iran-Persian/dp/1500737305/ref=asap_B00NPP8V80_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414967289&sr=1-2}}, p.3 preface
2. ^Qur'an in Surah 49, verse 13.(translated by Yusuf Ali)
3. ^{{cite book|last=Jamshidian Tehrani|first=Jafar|title=Shu'ubiyya: Independence movements in Iran|year=2014| isbn=978-1500737306|url=https://www.amazon.com/Shuubiyya-Independence-movements-Iran-Persian/dp/1500737305/ref=asap_B00NPP8V80_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414967289&sr=1-2}}, p.49
4. ^Enderwitz, S. "Shu'ubiyya". Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. IX (1997), pp. 513-14.
5. ^The Shu'ubiyya in al-Andalus. The risala of Ibn Garcia and five refutations (University of California Press 1970), translated with an introduction and notes by James T. Monroe.
6. ^{{cite book|last=Diesenberger|first=Max|author2=Richard Corradini |author3=Helmut Reimitz |title=The construction of communities in the early Middle Ages: texts, resources and artefacts|publisher=Brill|year=2003| isbn=90-04-11862-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6sfGt10UzcC}}, p.346
7. ^Sami Hanna and G.H. Gardner, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80 Al-Shu‘ubiyah Updated]", Middle East Journal, 20 (1966): 335-351
8. ^Leonard C. Biegel, {{lang-nl|Minderheden in Het Midden-Oosten: Hun Betekenis Als Politieke Factor in De Arabische Wereld}}, Van Loghum Slaterus, Deventer}}, 1972, {{ISBN|978-90-6001-219-2}} e.g. p.250
9. ^Daniel Dishon and Bruce Maddi-Weitzmann, "Inter-Arab issues", in: {{cite book|title=Israel, the Middle East, and the great powers|editor=Israel Stockman-Shomron|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1984|pages=389|isbn=978-965-287-000-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgrbCtWpV58C&pg=PA279|accessdate=2009-11-24}} e.g. p.279
10. ^{{cite journal|last=Ahram |first=Ariel I. |date=Spring 2002|title=Iraq and Syria: The Dilemma of Dynasty |journal=Middle East Quarterly|volume=IX|issue=2|url=http://www.meforum.org/171/iraq-and-syria-the-dilemma-of-dynasty}}