| 词条 | Erinaceidae |
| 释义 |
| name = Erinaceidae[1] | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Eocene|Recent}} | image = Igel.JPG | image_caption = Erinaceus europaeus | taxon = Erinaceidae | authority = G. Fischer, 1814 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies & Genera | subdivision =
}}Erinaceidae is a family in the order Eulipotyphla. Until recently, it was assigned to the order Erinaceomorpha, which has been subsumed with the paraphyletic Soricomorpha into Eulipotyphla. Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic;[2] Soricomorpha is paraphyletic because Soricidae shared a more recent common ancestor with Erinaceidae than with other soricomorphs.[3] Erinaceidae contains the well-known hedgehogs (subfamily Erinaceinae) of Eurasia and Africa and the gymnures or moonrats (subfamily Galericinae) of South-east Asia. This family was once considered part of the order Insectivora, but that polyphyletic order is now considered defunct.[1] CharacteristicsErinaceids are generally shrew-like in form, with long snouts and short tails. They are, however, much larger than shrews, ranging from {{convert|10|–|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} in body length and {{convert|40|-|60|g}} in weight, in the case of the short-tailed gymnure, up to {{convert|26|–|45|cm|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1.0|-|1.4|kg|abbr=on}} in the moonrat. All but one species have five toes in each foot, in some cases with strong claws for digging, and they have large eyes and ears. Hedgehogs possess hair modified into sharp spines to form a protective covering over the upper body and flanks, while gymnures have only normal hair. Most species have anal scent glands, but these are far better developed in gymnures, which can have a powerful odor.[4] Erinaceids are omnivorous, with the major part of their diet consisting of insects, earthworms, and other small invertebrates. They also eat seeds and fruit, and occasionally birds' eggs, along with any carrion they come across. Their teeth are sharp and suited for impaling invertebrate prey. The dental formula for erinaceids is: {{DentalFormula|upper=2-3.1.4.3|lower=3.1.2-4.3}} Hedgehogs are nocturnal, but gymnures are less so, and may be active during the day. Many species live in simple burrows, while others construct temporary nests on the surface from leaves and grass, or shelter in hollow logs or similar hiding places. Erinaceids are solitary animals outside the breeding season, and the father plays no role in raising the young.[4] Female erinaceids give birth after a gestation period of around six to seven weeks. The young are born blind and hairless, although hedgehogs begin to sprout their spines within 36 hours of birth. EvolutionErinaceids are a relatively primitive group of placental mammals, having changed little since their origin in the Eocene. The so-called 'giant hedgehog' (actually a gymnure) Deinogalerix, from the Miocene of Gargano Island (part of modern Italy), was the size of a large rabbit, and may have eaten vertebrate prey or carrion, rather than insects.[5] ClassificationThere are 12 described genera and 43 described species of erinaceid.
References1. ^1 {{MSW3 Hutterer |id=13600002 |pages=212–219| heading = Family Erinaceidae}} {{Commons|Erinaceidae}}{{mammals}}{{Erinaceomorpha}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q28257}}{{Authority control}}2. ^{{cite journal |author1=Robin MD Beck |author2=Olaf RP Bininda-Emonds |author3=Marcel Cardillo |author4=Fu-Guo Robert Liu |author5=Andy Purvis | year = 2006 | title = A higher level MRP supertree of placental mammals | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 6 | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/6/93 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 | pmid = 17101039 | pages = 93 | pmc = 1654192}} 3. ^{{cite journal | author = Roca, A.L. | author2 = G.K. Bar-Gal | author3 = E. Eizirik | author4 = K.M. Helgen| author5 = R. Maria | author6 = M.S. Springer | author7 = S.J. O'Brien | author8 = W.J. Murphy | last-author-amp = yes | year = 2004 | title = Mesozoic origin for West Indian insectivores | journal = Nature | volume = 429 | issue = 6992| pages = 649–651 | url = | doi = 10.1038/nature02597 | pmid = 15190349}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |editor-last=Macdonald, |editor-first=D.|last= Wroot |first=Andrew|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 750–757|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}} 5. ^{{cite book |author1=Savage, RJG |author2= Long, MR |last-author-amp=yes |year=1986 |title= Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 48–49|isbn= 0-8160-1194-X}} 4 : Erinaceomorphs|Mammal families|Extant Eocene first appearances|Taxa named by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim |
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