“Sidney Stanley”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Sidney (or Sydney) Stanley (né Solomon Wulkan, alias Solomon Koszyski,^[1] alias Stanley Rechtand,^[2] later Schlomo ben Chaim^[3]) (1899/1905^[4] – 1969) was a Polish émigré to the UK who became a dubious businessman of precarious ethics before claiming to be a contact man, able to influence politicians and civil servants in return for cash bribes, claims that led to a great scandal and investigation by the Lynskey tribunal of 1948. There is also evidence that Stanley spied against the UK for the armed nationalist activist Irgun organisation. Stanley was ordered deported, but had lost his Polish nationality, and as a result was a stateless person. Stanley was then placed under heavy restrictions and police surveillance. In 1949, he evaded police and fled to France and thence to Israel, where he was granted citizenship through right-of-return. There he lived out the remainder of his life in relative obscurity.

Early life

Stanley was the eldest son of twelve children born in Poland. He had emigrated to Britain with his father^[5] in 1913,^[2] the rest of the family following when the two had settled in Aldgate.^[5] He later said he was born in Oświęcim. He was granted a Polish passport in 1927.^[6] He gave a fairly ambiguous account of his early career but seems to have been employed from the age of 14 in garment sales and trading, especially in government contracts.^[7] He took his mother's name Koszyski.^[1]

He married his first wife Kate Zeitlin after World War I and the couple lived in Stoke Newington with Zeitlin's mother.^[5]

Stanley was made bankrupt in 1927, under the name Wulkan, and again in 1936, under the name Blotz.^[8] A deportation order was made against him in 1933 for conspiracy to defraud^[1] though he proved untraceable.^[9] However, by 1946, he had established himself in a luxurious seven-room apartment in Park Lane.^[10]

Meeting with Gibson

According to Stanley, in 1946, he was returning by train from a business trip to Manchester when the guard enquired whether he would make up a foursome for a game of solo whist with some other men. He consequently met George Gibson, a director of the Bank of England.^[11] Gibson's account is that his party had asked Stanley for small change for their game and that Stanley had recognised Gibson through a common acquaintance, Cyril Ross.^[12]

Gibson met Stanley several more times on the Manchester train before, in April 1947, running into him in the company of Marcus Wulkan, an American who had been involved in economic assistance to Britain during World War II and who was slightly known to Gibson. Stanley represented Wulkan as being his brother. Gibson invited the two to dinner, where they now met junior government minister John Belcher, and after that Gibson visited Stanley's Park Lane home frequently.^[11] At a subsequent dinner party attended by Morgan Phillips and four other Labour MPs, Stanley became involved in raising finance for the anti-communist "Freedom and Democracy" organisation,^[11] though he appears to have done little more than donate a cheque for £50 which was dishonoured.^[13]

In October 1946, Stanley approached fur-dealer Cyril Ross, the common acquaintance from the Manchester train, with a business proposition. Ross said that he would be interested in a multiple store such as J. Jones of Manchester. Stanley agreed to pursue the matter and also to get permission for flotation as a public company from the Capital Issues Committee. Stanley, somewhat prematurely, offered a directorship in J. Jones to Gibson who, owing to his position, turned it down. Ross had originally intended that Stanley would be remunerated by equity in the new company but he ultimately lost trust, largely because of the extortionate expenses that Stanley regularly claimed, and agreed only to a fee for the work.^[14]

In February 1948, Gibson introduced Financial Secretary to the Treasury Glenvil Hall to Stanley, believing that Marcus Wulkan might be in a position to arrange an American loan of £250 million to the UK government. At a dinner for Gibson on 23 March, Stanley ensured that he sat next to Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin.^[15]^[16]

Entertaining Mr Belcher

Belcher was keen to network with industrialists and was flattered by Stanley's apparent solicitude. The two rapidly became friends and Stanley offered Belcher use of a house that he had rented at Margate for the duration of the 1947 Labour Party conference. Belcher took the opportunity to invite his wife, children and mother for a two-week vacation, and it soon became apparent to Stanley that the party was too large for his rented house. Stanley booked the party into a hotel in Cliftonville and, though Belcher at this point became nervous, Stanley insisted and prevailed. In the end, Belcher indulged himself thoroughly and the friendship between the pair became increasingly intimate.^[16]^[17]

Stanley pressed more and more gifts of food and wine, a gold cigarette-case and ultimately a suit of a quality beyond the means, and clothing coupons, of a junior minister in post-war Britain. Stanley was full of rather vague industrial and commercial propositions that never came to any resolution.^[18] Stanley also paid for suits for Gibson and Minister of Works Charles Key.^[19]

Several people warned of Stanley's unreliability including Hugh Dalton, Leonard Joseph Matchan and Morgan Phillips.^[20]

Spying

In November 1947 an MI5 report recorded that a man named "Stanley" had been passing information to Irgun from cabinet minister Manny Shinwell.^[21] Shinwell certainly knew Stanley whom he had approached for help in finding employment for his son Ernie, and Stanley had obtained information on the disbandment of the Transjordan Frontier Force from some government source.^[16]

Football pools

Harry Sherman was a director of Shermans Pools Ltd of Cardiff, a football pools promoter. The post-war paper-shortage had led the government to make an allocation of paper to the Football Pool Promoters' Association and to leave the association to share it among its members.^[22] Sherman believed his share to be unjust and took every opportunity to canvass anyone who could influence his case or find him an alternative source. However, Sherman's record of complaints of his misconduct in a closely regulated industry led the Board of Trade to start a prosecution against the company in January 1948. The magistrate who heard the case died before giving judgment and Sherman and his legal team galvanised into action to prevent a new hearing. Belcher was the minister responsible and was inundated with protests.^[23] Stanley contacted Sherman sometime in May, claiming to have already discussed the paper problems with Sherman's brother.^[24]^[25]

In May, Stanley introduced Sherman to Gibson and to Glenvil Hall. Sherman sought a public flotation of Shermans Ltd but needed the permission of the Capital Issues Committee though neither politician was optimistic. Stanley also canvassed Key over some premises that he was attempting to sell to Sherman.^[26]

On 20 April, Stanley invited Belcher to stop by his Park Lane apartment. When he arrived he found Sherman. Belcher left angrily and later rebuked Stanley. Belcher decided to drop the prosecution against Sherman but the allocation of paper was now under his direct control and Sherman became still more insistent in seeking to increase his ration. Stanley continued to intercede on Sherman's behalf and Belcher agreed to meet with Sherman and the civil servant in charge of paper rationing on 24 June. At this meeting, Sherman revealed that he had been routinely exceeding his allocation. The government team were appalled and stopped the meeting indicating that they considered the matter a serious one and that an investigation would be inevitable.^[27]

Before the investigation could get under way, Sherman alleged that he had paid Stanley so that Stanley, in turn, could pay GBP2,500 each to Belcher and Sir Frank Soskice, the Solicitor General. Sherman also claimed that he had loaned GBP12,000 to Stanley, secured by a GBP27,000 cheque made out to Lass & Co.^[28] The cheque turned out to be a forgery, made out on a stolen blank cheque.^[29] Appalled, and becoming increasingly aware that rumours were beginning to circulate, Belcher tried to warn Gibson but could not contact him. Senior civil servants had now become aware of the allegations and the police were involved. Belcher agreed that the Lord Chancellor William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt should be alerted and asked to investigate.^[30] On 24 September, Belcher received a request from Jowitt that he provide a statement about his dealings with Stanley.^[31] On 4 October, the first rumours, though no names, appeared in the press.^[32]

Stanley's arrest

Jacob Harris was a supplier of amusement machines whose solicitor also acted for Stanley. The solicitor had originally met Stanley through serving a bankruptcy notice on him and had ended up as his attorney. The original debtor never got paid. Stanley boasted of his surplus import licenses and the solicitor advised Harris whom he knew wanted to import pinball machines.^[33] In July 1948, Harris approached fellow supplier Francis Price with a proposal that they meet with Stanley. Stanley claimed that he could bribe Belcher and Financial Secretary to the Treasury Glenvil Hall to obtain licenses. After canvassing some commercial and political confidantes, Price contacted the police. Press speculation intensified.^[34]

On 27 August, Stanley asked Gibson to write letters of introduction for his wife, who was about to leave for the US, to some of Gibson's trade union colleagues there. Gibson complied and Stanley used the letters to attempt to obtain from HM Treasury foreign currency above the usual allowance. Stanley's approach alerted officials to the possibility that he was about to flee the country.^[35] 27 August was also the day when Gibson sent a cheque for GBP500 to Stanley as deposit on a share offer in Gray's Carpets Ltd. Gibson heard nothing more from Stanley.^[36]

Stanley was arrested on 18 October and held in Brixton Prison. Spartan though his surroundings were, he was able to order meals from a restaurant and pay another detainee for domestic duties.^[37] He was bailed on 21 October and returned to his Park Lane flat where his movements were restricted under the Aliens Order 1946.^[38]

The tribunal

A tribunal was convened. Stanley, dapper in appearance, proved a self-important, self-aggrandising witness who amused the tribunal with his idiosyncratic, colourful, yet ambiguous and contradictory, responses to the questioning.^[16] The tribunal found that Belcher and Gibson had acted improperly and they were fortunate to escape prosecution, gladly accepting the proffered alternative of resignation. Attorney-General Sir Hartley Shawcross expressed the opinion that Stanley could not be prosecuted as the notoriety he gained from the tribunal would inhibit a fair trial.^[39] The spying allegations were not raised in the tribunal.^[40]

After the tribunal

On 23 December, Stanley applied for cancellation of his deportation order but was refused.^[41] However, while Gibson and Belcher were resigning in disgrace, Stanley and his wife were enjoying their notoriety and celebrity, attending the Chelsea Arts Ball at New Year.^[42]

In a debate in the House of Commons on 3 February 1949, Prime Minister Clement Attlee expressed the government view that Stanley should be deported as the deportation would be "conducive to the public good". Attlee was probably principally motivated by the spying allegations and Stanley's Zionist connections.^[43]

Despite the deportation order, the British government found that it could not deport Stanley, because no country was willing to receive him. He had lost citizenship in his home country of Poland, which was unwilling to take him in. Due to the changes in Poland's borders since World War II, the Polish government required all Polish citizens to re-register home and abroad. Stanley had not done so, and in addition, the Polish Foreign Ministry announced that he would not be allowed to return. As a result, Stanley was rendered a stateless person, and could not be deported unless his country of origin or some other country was willing to receive him.^[44]

In February 1949, Stanley applied for Israeli nationality. On 13 February, his application was rejected on the grounds that he was an undesirable. The Israeli newspaper Haaretz attacked Stanley as a Jew who "suddenly discovered his love for Zion" when in difficulties and there was speculation that Stanley had done his case no good when he criticised the conduct of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War during his tribunal testimony. Stanley continued to entertain and enjoy his celebrity, despite continued calls for his deportation, while he was again pursued by the bankruptcy courts.^[45] Stanley threatened to sue Israel for denying him entry, and empowered his lawyers in Israel to take action in court to get him an immigration visa. His lawyers in Israel argued that under the new state's proposed constitution, no Jew could be barred from immigrating to Israel.^[46]

Stanley was still required daily to report to police but reported for the last time on 1 April and an arrest warrant was issued. Stanley, it appears, drove to Ramsgate, where a personal friend took him by sea to a port near Boulogne in France, possibly Dunkirk. He was taken from there by car to Abbeville. On 13 April, Israel announced that it would accept Stanley's application for an immigration visa and admit him to the country on the eve of Passover as "an act of grace and mercy". After about a month in France, Stanley travelled to Marseilles, where he boarded the Israeli ship Atzmaut. On 9 May, he arrived in Haifa aboard the Atzmaut together with about 2,000 other immigrants to Israel. He then held a press conference announcing that his name was now Shlomo Ben-Chaim. He made various claims regarding his disappearance, including that he had been kidnapped and held in France for a month, that he had escaped from Britain disguised as an admiral, and then as a military officer who became a passenger on a British destroyer. His lawyer, Max Seligman, said he was a "psychological case".^[47] Sometime later in 1949, Stanley returned to France with some thoughts of re-establishing himself in business, but moved back to Israel in 1950, where he spent the remainder of his life in obscurity, save for the wild allegations and stories that he continued to press on the newspapers.^[48] Stanley died in Tel Aviv in 1969.^[49]

References

1. ^¹²Wade Baron (1966) p.161
2. ^¹Wade Baron (1966) p.136
3. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.246
4. ^Wade Baron (1966) at p.63 claims that Stanley was 43 at the time of the tribunal but at pp136–137 he suggests that he was 14 in 1913
5. ^¹²Account of his wife, published in the Sunday Dispatch 30 January 1949, quoted in Wade Baron (1966), p.237
6. ^Wade Baron 1966) p.242
7. ^Wade Baron (1966) pp136–137
8. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.143
9. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.243
10. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.18
11. ^¹²Wade Baron (1966) p.139
12. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.170
13. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.180
14. ^Wade Baron (1966) pp126–127
15. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.176
16. ^¹²³Andrew (2009) p.361
17. ^Wade Baron (1966) pp16–18
18. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.23
19. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.121
20. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.24
21. ^Andrew (2009) p.360
22. ^Hansard,18 November 1947 adjournment debate 18 November 1947 (football pools reorganization)
23. ^Wade Baron (1966) pp26–27
24. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.83
25. ^O'Neill, D. "Sherman brothers should not be forgotten; Time to remember", South Wales Echo, 19 November 2001
26. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.91
27. ^Wade Baron (1966) pp27–29
28. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.29
29. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.32
30. ^Wade Baron (1966) pp33–34
31. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.36
32. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.37
33. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.72
34. ^Wade Baron (1966) pp37–39
35. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.178
36. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.172
37. ^Wade Baron (1966) pp39–40
38. ^SR&O No.395. of 1946
39. ^Wade Baron (1966) p.232
40. ^Andrew (2009) p.362
41. ^Wade Baron (1966) p. 225
42. ^Wade Baron (1966) p. 226
43. ^Andrew (2009) p. 362
44. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19490217&id=BwIaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-SMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3967,3950397 Britain Has Its Hands Full in Ousting of Stateless Man], February 17, 1949
45. ^Wade Baron (1966) pp 242–244
46. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19490212&id=14Y0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=RtwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6162,3671203 Jew Threatens to Sue to Get Into Israel]
47. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19490513&id=RB0QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IZMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1590,1891857 Stanley Outstays His Welcome in Tel Aviv]
48. ^Wade Baron (1966) pp 244–250
49. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19690526&id=VZZAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IqUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6215,4192005 Death of Sidney Stanley recalls 1949 scandal]