| 词条 | Siege of Königsberg |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Siege of Königsberg |partof=the Great Prussian Uprising |image=Prussian clans 13th century.png |image_size=300px |caption=Prussian tribes in the 13th century |date=1262–1265? |place=Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) |coordinates= {{Coord|54|42|37|N|20|30|39|E|region:RU-KGD_type:event|display=inline,title}} |result=Victory for the Teutonic Knights |combatant1=Teutonic Knights |combatant2=Prussians |commander1= |commander2= |strength1= |strength2= |casualties1= |casualties2= |notes= }}{{Campaignbox Great Prussian Uprising}} The Siege of Königsberg was a siege laid upon Königsberg Castle, one of the main strongholds of the Teutonic Knights, by Prussians during the Great Prussian Uprising from 1262 possibly though 1265. HistoryBackgroundPagan Prussians rose against their conquerors, who tried to convert them to Christianity, after Lithuanians and Samogitians soundly defeated the joint forces of the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order in the Battle of Durbe in 1260. The first years of the uprising were successful for the Prussians, who defeated the Knights in open battles and besieged Teutonic castles. However, the Prussians faced great difficulties attacking and capturing the castles. Battle of KalgenThe Prussians had built small forts around Königsberg so that they could block any contact with the outside. Anno von Sangershausen, the Grand Master of the Knights, was working to provide relief to the starving garrison in Königsberg Castle. In January 1262 reinforcements arrived from the Rhineland, led by William IV, Count of Jülich, and Engelbert I, Count of the Mark.[1] The crusading army arrived in the afternoon of 21 January 1262[2] and desired to attack the pagans right away, but decided to wait for the next morning. During the nighttime, the Prussians abandoned their forts and hid in a nearby forest. On the morning of 22 January, the crusaders thought that the Prussians had gone home to Sambia and Warmia.[3] Stanteke, a Prussian scout loyal to the Knights, was wounded by Prussians after finding them hidden, but was able to escape to warn the Knights.[3] Heavy fighting ensued southwest of Königsberg and the Prussians were driven into the village Kalgen. With the arrival of the Königsberg garrison as reinforcements, the Battle of Kalgen was won, with the Knights counting some dead 3,000 bodies of their enemy. The Knights considered it revenge for the Prussians' victory in the Battle of Pokarben in Natangia, which occurred on the same day the previous year.[4] The Rhinelanders soon returned home, however, and the Sambians renewed the siege. Control of the PregelA Sambian leader, Nalube of Quednau, destroyed the initial settlement of Königsberg, later known as Steindamm, in 1262. Townspeople unable to reach safety in Königsberg Castle were slain or taken prisoner.[1] The Knights had enough food and supply to last until Summer 1262 when they expected relief delivered via the Pregel River. However, the Sambian leader Glande transformed a few of his ships to war vessels to block the river.[5] A sea captain from Lübeck, along with a crew of loyal Prussians, was able to infiltrate the Sambian blockade at night and sink some vessels. The besiegers then built a bridge of boats and wooden towers to protect it.[1] The Knights, against the odds, succeeded in burning down both the bridge and fort. Reinforcements for the Sambians came from Herkus Monte of the Natangians.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} End of the siegeThe conclusion of the siege is disputed. Königsberg historian Richard Armstedt[6] wrote that the starving Knights decided to fight a final open battle, from which the Prussians retreated in defeat. Andreas Johan Sjögren writes that Herkus Monte was wounded in the battle and most of his forces were captured while fleeing.[7] The Königsberg archivist Fritz Gause states that little is known of how the siege actually ended, that neither Armstedt nor historian Walther Franz provided a source for the final battle, and that the Teutonic chronicler Peter of Dusburg does not provide detail about it.[1] Gause states the Prussians abandoned the siege in 1265, possibly having heard that Königsberg was to receive crusading reinforcements.[1] The Sambians withdrew because they could neither stop supplies and reinforcement from reaching the castle via the Pregel nor capture it. The siege proved the weakness of the Prussians and the strength of the Knights. The reliance upon fortified castles allowed the Knights to regroup and eventually subdue the uprising. Königsberg became a key staging ground for future crusading campaigns.[8] Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 Gause, p. 34 2. ^Ewald, p. 30 3. ^1 Ewald, p. 31 4. ^Ewald, 32 5. ^Armstedt, p. 12 6. ^Armstedt, p. 13 7. ^Mémoires, p. 285 8. ^Gause, p. 24 References
11 : 1262 in Europe|1263 in Europe|1264 in Europe|1265 in Europe|Battles involving the Teutonic Order|Königsberg|Conflicts in 1262|Conflicts in 1263|Conflicts in 1264|Conflicts in 1265|Sieges involving the Teutonic Order |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。