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词条 Sikkimese language
释义

  1. Script

  2. Sikkimese and its neighbours

  3. Phonology

     Consonants  Vowels 

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Further reading

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}{{Infobox language
|name=Sikkimese
|altname=Drenjong
|nativename=Lhokä
|region= Sikkim , Mechi Zone, Bhutan
|ethnicity=Sikkimese
|speakers = {{sigfig|70300|2}}
|date=2001
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Tibeto-Kanauri ?
|fam3=Bodish
|fam4=Tibetic
|fam5=Dzongkha–Lhokä
|script=Tibetan alphabet
|nation=India
|iso3=sip
|glotto=sikk1242
|glottorefname=Sikkimese
|notice=IPA
}}{{contains Tibetan text}}

The Sikkimese language, also called "Sikkimese Tibetan", "Bhutia", "Drenjongké" ({{bo|t=འབྲས་ལྗོངས་སྐད་|w='bras ljongs skad}} "Rice Valley language"[1]), Dranjoke, Denjongka, Denzongpeke, and Denzongke, belongs to the Southern Tibetic languages. It is spoken by the Bhutia in Sikkim, India and in parts of Mechi Zone, Nepal. The Sikkimese people refer to their own language as Drendzongké and their homeland as Drendzong ({{bo|t=འབྲས་ལྗོངས་|w='bras-ljongs}}; "Rice Valley").[2]

Script

{{main|Tibetan alphabet}}

Sikkimese is written using Tibetan alphabet, which it inherited from Classical Tibetan. Sikkimese phonology and lexicon differ markedly from Classical Tibetan, however. SIL International thus describes the Sikkimese writing system as "Bodhi style". According to SIL, 68% of Sikkimese Bhutia were literate in the Tibetan script in 2001.[2][4][5]

Sikkimese and its neighbours

Speakers of Sikkimese can understand some Dzongkha, with a lexical similarity of 65% between the two languages. By comparison, Standard Tibetan, however, is only 42% lexically similar. Sikkimese has also been influenced to some degree by the neighbouring Yolmowa and Tamang languages.[2][3]

Due to more than a century of close contact with speakers of Nepali and Tibetan proper, many Sikkimese speakers also use these languages in daily life.[2]

Phonology

Consonants

Below is a chart of Sikkimese consonants, largely following Yliniemi (2005) and van Driem (1992).[4]

Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Retroflex Alveolo-palatal/
Palatal		 Velar Glottal
Nasal voicelessn̥}} ན /n/ŋ̥}} ང /ng/
voicedm}} མ /m/n}} ན /n/n}}~{{IPA|ŋ}} ཉ /ny/ŋ}} ང /ng/
Plosive voiceless
unaspirated		p}} པ /p/t}} ཏ /t/ʈ}} ཏྲ /tr/k}} ཀ /k/ʔ}} འ /ʔ/
voiceless
aspirated		pʰ}} ཕ /ph/tʰ}} ཐ /th/ʈʰ}} ཐྲ /thr/kʰ}} ཁ /kh/
voicedb}} བ /b/d}} ད /d/ɖ}} དྲ /dr/ɡ}} ག /g/
devoicedp̀ʱ~b̀ɦ}} བ /p'/t̀ʱ~d̀ɦ}} ད /t'/ʈ̀ʱ~ɖ̀ɦ}} དྲ /tr'/k̀ʱ~g̀ɦ}} ག /k'/
Affricate voiceless
unaspirated		ts}} ཙ /ts/tɕ}} ཅ /c/
voiceless
aspirated		tsʰ}} ཚ /tsh/tɕʰ}} ཆ /ch/
voiceddz}} ཛ /dz/dʑ}} ཇ /j/
devoicedtɕ̀ʱ~dʑ̀ɦ}} ཇ /c'/
Fricative voicelesss}} ས /s/ɕ}} ཤ /sh/h}} ཧ /h/
voicedz}} ཟ /z/ʑ}} ཞ /zh/
Liquid voicelessl̥}} ལ /l/r̥}} ར /r/
voicedl}} ལ /l/r}}~{{IPA|ɹ}}~{{IPA|ɾ}} ར /r/
Approximantw}} ཝ /w/j}} ཡ /y/w}} ཝ /w/

Devoiced consonants are pronounced with a slight breathy voice, aspiration, and low pitch. They are remnants of voiced consonants in Classical Tibetan that became devoiced. Likewise, the historical Tibetan phoneme /ny/ is realised as an allophone of /n/ and /ng/, which themselves have mostly lost contrast among speakers.[4]

Vowels

Below is a chart of Sikkimese vowels, also largely following Yliniemi (2005).[4]

Front Middle Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Closei}}　 ི /i/y}}　 ུ /u/u}}　 ུ /u/
Mide}}　 ེ /e/ø}}　 ོ /o/o}}　 ོ /o/
Open{{IPA>ɛ}}　 ེ /e/ɐ}} /a/

In the Tibetan script, an abugida, the inherent vowel /a/ is unmarked. In the above table, italicised {{IPA|[ɛ]}} /e/ is an allophone of {{IPA|[e]}} /e/, confined to appearing after {{IPA|[dʑ]}} /j/ in closed syllables.[4]

See also

  • Bhutia people
  • Lepcha people
  • Lepcha language
  • Indigenous peoples of Sikkim
  • History of Sikkim

References

1. ^"Lost Syllables and Tone Contour in Dzongkha (Bhutan)" in David Bradley, Eguénie J.A. Henderson and Martine Mazaudon, eds, Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R. K. Sprigg, 115-136; Pacific Linguistics, C-104, 1988
2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sip |title=Sikkimese |editor=Lewis, M. Paul |year=2009 |work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=16 |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL International |accessdate=16 April 2011}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1995_01_25.pdf |format=PDF |first=S. |last=Norboo |title=The Sikkimese Bhutia |work=Bulletin of Tibetology |pages=114–115 |publisher=Namgyal Institute of Tibetology |location=Gangtok |year=1995}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite thesis|degree=Masters, General Linguistics |title=Preliminary Phonological Analysis of Denjongka of Sikkim |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19355/prelimin.pdf?sequence=2 |last=Yliniemi |first=Juha |year=2005 |publisher=University of Helsinki |accessdate=17 April 2011}}

Further reading

{{wiktionary category|Sikkimese language}}
  • {{cite book|title=The grammar of Dzongkha |authorlink=George van Driem |last=van Driem |first=George |publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission, Government of Bhutan |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KsCYgEACAAJ}}
{{Bodic languages}}{{Languages of Northeast India}}{{Languages of Bhutan}}{{Languages of Nepal}}

6 : South Bodish languages|Languages of Sikkim|Languages of Nepal|Languages of India|Languages of Bhutan|Languages written in Tibetan script
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