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词条 Silicon Wadi
释义

  1. Origin of the term

  2. History

     World software market takes off  Dot-com boom  Silicon Wadi today  Genealogical research 

  3. Location

  4. Economy

     Importance  Sectors 

  5. Israeli venture capital industry

  6. Multinational technology companies operating in Israel

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

Silicon Wadi[1] ({{lang-he|סיליקון ואדי}}, lit: "Silicon Valley") is an area with a high concentration of high-technology companies on the coastal plain of Israel, similar to Silicon Valley in the U.S. state of California, and is the reason Israel is nicknamed the Start-Up Nation.[2][3] The area covers much of the country, although especially high concentrations of high-tech industry can be found in the area around Tel Aviv, including small clusters around the cities of Ra'anana, Petah Tikva, Herzliya, Netanya, the academic city of Rehovot and its neighbour Rishon Le Zion. In addition, high-tech clusters can be found in Haifa and Caesarea. More recent high-tech establishments have been raised in Jerusalem, and in towns such as Yokneam Illit and Israel's first "private city," Airport City, near Tel Aviv.

Origin of the term

Silicon Wadi is a pun based on the Californian region of Silicon Valley. "Wadi" is the Arabic word for a valley or dry river bed, also commonly used in colloquial Hebrew.

History

Israeli high-tech firms originally began to form in the 1960s.[4] In 1961 ECI Telecom was founded, followed in 1962 by Tadiran and Elron Electronic Industries regarded by many to be the "Fairchild of Israel."[4] The number of internationally successful firms grew slowly, with only one or two new successful firms each year until the early 1990s. Motorola was the first US corporation to set up an R&D unit in Israel, in 1964.[4] The center initially developed wireless products including remote irrigation systems and later developed leading chips such as the 68030.[4] Following the 1967 French arms embargo, Israel was forced to develop a domestic military industry, focusing on developing a technological edge over its neighbors.[4] Some of these military firms started to seek and develop civilian applications of military technology.[4] In the 1970s more commercial innovations began, many of which were based on military R&D, including: Scitex digital printing systems, which were based on fast rotation drums from fast-rotation electronic warfare systems,[4] and Elscint, which developed innovative medical imaging and became a leading force in its market.[4]

High-tech firms continued to struggle throughout this period with marketing and many products, such as a mini-computer developed in the 1970s by Elbit, who were unable to successfully commercialise the product.[4]

World software market takes off

Slowly, the international computing industry shifted the emphasis from hardware (in which Israel had no comparative advantage) to software products (in which human capital plays a larger role).[4] The country became one of the first nations to compete in global software markets.[4] By the 1980s a diverse set of software firms had developed. Each found niches which were not dominated by US firms and between 1984 and 1991 "pure" software exports increased from $5 million to $110 million. Many of the important ideas here were developed by graduates of Mamram, the Israeli computer corps, established by the IDF in the 1960s.[4]

During the 1980s and early 1990s several successful software companies emerged from Israel, including: Amdocs (established in 1982 as Aurec Information), Cimatron (established in 1982), Magic Software Enterprises (established in 1983), Comverse (established in 1983 as Efrat Future Technologies), Aladdin Knowledge Systems (established in 1985), NICE Systems (established in 1986), Mercury Interactive (established in 1989) and Check Point Software Technologies (established in 1993).

The 1990s saw the real takeoff of high-tech industries in Israel, with international media attention increasing awareness of innovation in the country.[4] Growth increased, whilst new immigrants from the Soviet Union increased the available high-tech workforce.[4] Peace agreements including the 1993 Oslo Peace Accord increased the investment environment and Silicon Wadi began to develop into a noticeable high-tech cluster.[4]

Dot-com boom

In 1998, Mirabilis, an Israeli company that developed the ICQ instant messaging program, which revolutionized communication over the Internet,[5] was purchased by America Online (AOL) for $407 million in cash, 18 months after it was founded and having no revenues. The free service attracted a user base of 15 million in that period and by 2001, ICQ had over 100 million users worldwide.[6]

The success of Mirabilis triggered the dot-com boom in Israel; thousands of start-up companies were established between 1998 and 2001, while venture capital raised by Israeli companies reached $1,851 million in 1999, peaking at $3,701 million in 2000. Over fifty Israeli companies had initial public offerings on NASDAQ and other international stock markets during that period.[7]

Silicon Wadi today

For more than 50 years, local demand fueled Israeli industrial expansion, as the country's population grew rapidly and the standard of living rose. More recently, world demand for Israeli advanced technologies, software, electronics, and other sophisticated equipment has stimulated industrial growth. Israel's high status in new technologies is the result of its emphasis on higher education and research and development. Cultural factors contributing to the expansion includes chutzpah and openness to immigration.[8] The government also assists industrial growth by providing low-rate loans from its development budget. The main limitations experienced by industry are the scarcity of domestic raw materials and sources of energy and the restricted size of the local market. One certain advantage is that many Israeli university graduates are likely to become IT entrepreneurs or join startups, about twice as much as US university graduates, who are also attracted to traditional corporate executive positions, according to Charles A. Holloway, co-director of the Center for Entrepreneurial Studies and a professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Business of Stanford University.[9] ICQ, for instance, is one of the world's most famous Israeli software products, developed by 4 young entrepreneurs.[10] IBM has its IBM Content Discovery Engineering Team in Jerusalem,[11] which is part of a number of IBM R&D Labs in Israel.

Genealogical research

According to research conducted by Prof. Shmuel Ellis, Chair of the Management Department at Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Management, together with Prof. Israel Drori of the School of Business Administration at the College of Management and Prof. Zur Shapira, Chair of the Management and Organizations Department at New York University, the RAD Group, founded in 1981 by brothers Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel, has been "the most fertile ground" for creating Israeli entrepreneurs, having produced 56 "serial entrepreneurs" who established more than one start-up each. RAD Group "graduates" were responsible for the establishment of a total of 111 significant high-tech initiatives.[12]

Location

Due to the small size of Israel, the concentration of high-tech firms across much of the country is enough for it to be recognised as one large cluster. Most activity is located in the densely populated areas of metropolitan Tel Aviv, Haifa (Matam), and Jerusalem (Technology Park, Malha, Har Hotzvim and JVP Media Quarter in Talpiot), and the Startup Village Ecosystem in the Yokneam area, although some secondary with additional activity include the corridor to Beer Sheba, including Kiryat Gat, and the Western Galilee. In all, this is an area no larger than 6000 square kilometers, half of the extended Silicon Valley's geographical coverage.[13]

Economy

Many international technology companies have research and development facilities in this region, including companies such as Intel, IBM,[11] Google, Facebook, Hewlett-Packard, Philips, Cisco Systems, Oracle Corporation, SAP, BMC Software, Microsoft, Motorola and CA. Many Israeli high-tech companies are based in the region, including Zoran Corporation, CEVA, Inc., Aladdin Knowledge Systems, Mellanox, NICE Systems, Horizon Semiconductors, RAD Data Communications, RADWIN, Radware, Tadiran Telecom, Radvision, Check Point Software Technologies, Amdocs, Babylon Ltd., Elbit, Israel Aerospace Industries and the solar thermal equipment designer and manufacturer Solel, with most of them being listed on the NASDAQ, which even has an Israel Index. Intel developed its dual-core Core Duo processor at its Israel Development Center located at the Merkaz Ta'asiya ve'Meida (Matam - Scientific Industries Center) in the city of Haifa.[14] In 2006, more than 3,000 start-ups were created in Israel, a number that is only second to the US.[15] Newsweek Magazine has also named Tel Aviv as one of the world's top ten "Hot High-Tech Cities".[16] In 1998, Tel Aviv was named by Newsweek as one of the ten technologically most influential cities in the world.[17] In 2012, the city was also named one of the best places for high-tech startup companies, placed only second behind its California counterpart.[18][19]

Importance

The importance of Silicon Wadi was first recognised internationally by Wired magazine, who in 2000, ranked locations by the strength of cluster effects, giving the Israeli high-tech cluster the same rank as Boston, Helsinki, London, and Kista in Sweden, second only to Silicon Valley.

Sectors

  • A cluster of software companies, who are monetizing "free" software downloads by adware or altering user's systems, has been dubbed Download Valley.[20][21]

Israeli venture capital industry

{{main article|Venture capital in Israel}}

The origins of the now thriving venture capital industry in Israel can be traced to a government initiative in 1993 named the Yozma program ("Initiative" in Hebrew); which offered attractive tax incentives to any foreign venture-capital investments in Israel and offered to double any investment with funds from the government.[22] As a result, Between 1991 and 2000, Israel's annual venture-capital outlays, nearly all private, rose nearly 60-fold, from $58 million to $3.3 billion; companies launched by Israeli venture funds rose from 100 to 800; and Israel's information-technology revenues rose from $1.6 billion to $12.5 billion. By 1999, Israel ranked second only to the United States in invested private-equity capital as a share of GDP. And it led the world in the share of its growth attributable to high-tech ventures: 70 percent.[22]

Israel's thriving venture capital industry has played an important role in financing and funding Silicon Wadi. The financial crisis of 2007-2010 affected the availability of venture capital locally. In 2009, there were 63 mergers and acquisitions in the Israeli market worth a total of $2.54 billion; 7% below 2008 levels ($2.74 billion), when 82 Israeli companies were merged or acquired, and 33% lower than 2007 proceeds ($3.79 billion) when 87 Israeli companies were merged or acquired.[23] Numerous high tech Israeli companies have been acquired by global corporations for its provision of reliable and quality corporate personnel.[24]

Israel's venture capital industry has about 70 active venture capital funds, of which 14 international VCs with Israeli offices. Additionally, there are some 220 international funds, including Polaris Venture Partners, Accel Partners and Greylock Partners, that do not have branches in Israel, but actively invest in Israel through an in-house specialist.

In 2009, the life sciences sector led the market with $272 million or 24% of total capital raised, followed by the software sector with $258 million or 23%, the communications sector with $219 million or 20%, and the Internet sector with 13% of capital raised in 2009.[23]

Multinational technology companies operating in Israel

{{main article|List of multinational companies with research and development centres in Israel}}

As of 2010, more than 35,000 personnel were employed in multinationals research and development centers across Israel. In recent years, East Asian multinationals and investors, especially from Mainland China, have actively invested and opened up offices in Israel, including Chinese technology giants such as Alibaba, Baidu, Tencent and Kuang-Chi.[25] Around 60 foreign R&D centers are engaged in a diverse range of activities including biotechnology, chemicals, industrial machinery, communication equipment, scientific instruments, medical devices, flash memory storage equipment, computer hardware components, software, semiconductors and internet.

CompanyYear established in IsraelNo of employees in Israel Major acquisitions in Israel
IBM 1949 2,000 Ubique,[26] I-Logix,[27] XIV,[28] Guardium,[29] Diligent Technologies,[30] Storwize,[31] Worklight,[32] Trusteer,[33] EZSource[34] Cloudigo[35]
Motorola 1964 1,500 Terayon,[36] Bitband[37]
Intel 1974 9,200 DSPC[38] Envara,[39] Comsys,[40] InVision Biometrics,[41] Telmap[42] Mobileye
Microsoft 1989 750 Maximal,[43] Peach Networks,[44] Whale Communications,[45] Gteko,[46] YaData,[47] 3DV Systems[48] Secure Islands[49]
Applied Materials 1991 1,200 Orbot Instruments, Opal Technologies,[50] Oramir Semiconductor[51]
Qualcomm 1993[52] 450 EPOS (ultrasound positioning), DesignArt Networks (femtocell), iSkoot, Wilocity (WiGig), CSR/Zoran Israel imaging unit; also invested in multiple Israeli startups via Qualcomm Ventures
Cisco Systems 1997 1,500 CLASS Data Systems, HyNEX, Seagull Semiconductor, PentaCom, P-Cube, Riverhead Networks,[53] Intucell,[54] Sheer Networks,[55] NDS Group[56]
Hewlett-Packard 1998 6,000 Indigo Digital Press, Scitex Vision, Nur Macroprints, Mercury Interactive, Shunra[57]
SAP AG 1998 800 OFEK-Tech, TopTier Software, TopManage, A2i,[58] Gigya[59]
Alcatel Lucent 1998 250 LANNET, Chromatis Networks, Mobilitec[60]
GE Healthcare 1998 400 Nuclear and MR businesses of Elscint,[61] Diasonics Vingmed[62]
BMC Software 1999 450 New Dimension Software,[63] Identify Software[64]
CA Technologies 1999 300 Security-7, Abirnet, XOSoft, Oblicore, Nolio
Philips Electronics 1999 700 Elscint, Veon, CDP Medical[65]
Broadcom 2000 500 VisionTech, M-Stream, Siliquent Technologies, Dune Networks, Percello, Provigent, SC Square[66]
Marvell Technology Group 2000 1,600 Galileo Technology[67]
Siemens 2000 900 eship-4u, Tecnomatix Technologies, Solel Solar Systems
EMC Corporation 2004 1,000 Kashya, nLayers, proActivity, Illuminator, ZettaPoint, Cyota,[68] XtremIO[69]
eBay 2005 400 Shopping.com, Fraud Sciences, The Gift Project,[70] SalesPredict,[71] Corrigon Ltd.[72]
SanDisk 2006 650 M-Systems[73]
Google 2006 600 LabPixies, Quiksee, modu (patents only),[74] Waze[75] SlickLogin[76]
Red Hat 2008 200 Qumranet[77]
VMware 2008 200 B-Hive networks,[78] nlayers,[79] Digital Fuel,[80] Wanova[81]
Micron Technology 2010 1,300 Acquired Numonyx, a joint venture by Intel Corporation and STMicroelectronics[82]
Klarna 2011 40 Analyzd [83]
Apple Inc. 2012 450 Anobit,[84] PrimeSense[85] LinX Computational Imaging Ltd[86]
Covidien 2012 1,200 Oridion Systems,[87] superDimension, PolyTouch[88]
Facebook 2013 110[89] Onavo,[90] Pebbles Interfaces[91]
Amazon 2014[92] 150[20] Annapurna Labs[93][94]
Kuang-Chi2016[95]120Agent Vi,[96] Beyond Verbal,[97] eyeSight Technologies[98]
Alibaba2017[99]100[100]Infinity, Twiggle[99]

See also

  • Download Valley
  • Economy of Israel
  • List of Israeli companies quoted on the Nasdaq
  • List of multinationals with research and development centres in Israel
  • List of technology centers
  • Made in JLM
  • Science and technology in Israel
  • The Story of Israel's Economic Miracle
  • Startup Village, Yokneam

References

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54. ^Cisco announces intent to acquire Intucell, Jan 2013
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2005/corp_072605.html |title=Cisco Systems to Acquire Sheer Networks |date=26 July 2005 |publisher=Cisco Systems |accessdate=15 April 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710004044/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2005/corp_072605.html |archivedate=10 July 2007 }}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/breakingviews/2012/03/15/cisco_acquires_nds_group_is_john_chambers_back_to_making_reckless_deals_.html|title=CISCO acquires NDS|date=15 March 2012|publisher=Cisco Systems|accessdate=15 March 2012}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www8.hp.com/hpnext/posts/hp-to-acquire-network-virtualization-business-technology-shunra/|title=HP to Acquire Network Virtualization Business & Technology of Shunra|date=4 March 2014|publisher=HP next}}
58. ^SAP - Dedicated Partner to Israel {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035708/http://www.investinisrael.gov.il/NR/exeres/119D6AAF-7219-4E27-816F-1ECEE30C30C7.htm |date=24 September 2015 }}, Invest in Israel
59. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2017/09/25/software-giant-sap-buys-israeli-startup-gigya-for-350-million/ |title=Software Giant SAP Buys Israeli Startup Gigya for $350 Million |website=The Algemeiner |publication-date=25 September 2017 }}
60. ^Lucent Technologies Completes Acquisition of Mobilitec, a Leading Provider of Content Delivery and Management Software {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911114359/http://www.duchtec.com/cgi-bin/newsStory.pl?newsId=4 |date=11 September 2012 }}
61. ^Elbit sells off Elscint businesses through deals with Picker and GE {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311081446/http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/mri/content/article/113619/1208657 |date=11 March 2012 }} Diagnostic Imaging 16 September 1998
62. ^{{cite news|title=GE Medical acquires Diasonics Vingmed|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/1998/04/06/daily12.html|newspaper=BizJournal|date=9 April 1998}}
63. ^{{cite news| author =Staff writer| title = COMPANY NEWS; BMC SOFTWARE TO ACQUIRE NEW DIMENSION| publisher = The New York Times| date = 9 March 1999| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/09/business/company-news-bmc-software-to-acquire-new-dimension.html}}
64. ^{{cite news |author1 = Jean-Pierre Garbani |author2 = Simon Yates |author3 = Thomas Powell |title = BMC Software Acquires Identify Software To Reinforce Transaction Management |publisher = Forrester (market research) |date = 27 March 2006 |url = http://www.forrester.com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0,7211,39262,00.html |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080524162714/http://www.forrester.com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0,7211,39262,00.html |archivedate = 24 May 2008 |df = dmy-all}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ehi.co.uk/news/ehi/6124/philips-acquire-israeli-pacs-company|title=ehi LIVE|website=www.ehi.co.uk|accessdate=5 September 2018}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcom.com/company/strategicacquisitions.php|title=About Us|work=broadcom.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426044417/http://www.broadcom.com/company/strategicacquisitions.php|archivedate=26 April 2015}}
67. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4113479/Marvell-to-acquire-LAN-chip-supplier-Galileo-for-2-7-billion-in-stock |title=Marvell to acquire LAN-chip supplier Galileo for $2.7 billion in stock |publisher=eetimes |date=17 October 2000 |accessdate=12 June 2011 }}
68. ^EMC CEO: We'll make more acquisitions in Israel - Globes, 7 December 2011
69. ^EMC Acquires XtremIO, May 2012
70. ^{{cite news|last=Goldenberg |first=Roy |title=eBay buys Israeli start up The Gifts Project: The price is estimated to be in the tens of millions of dollars. |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000681080&fid=1725 |newspaper=Globes |date=8 September 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103042932/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000681080&fid=1725 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}
71. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-ebay-acquires-israeli-company-salespredict-1001139036 | title=eBay acquires Israeli co SalesPredict | publisher=Globes | date=12 July 2016 | accessdate=28 October 2016}}
72. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-ebay-acquires-israeli-visual-search-co-corrigon-1001155614 | title=eBay acquires Israeli visual search co Corrigon | publisher=Globe English | date=6 October 2016 | accessdate=28 October 2016}}
73. ^{{cite press release|url=http://www.sandisk.com/about-sandisk/press-room/press-releases/2006/2006-11-19-sandisk-completes-acquisition-of-msystems |title=SanDisk Completes Acquisition of Msystems |publisher=SanDisk |date=19 November 2006 |accessdate=31 July 2010}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-20064624-17.html |title=Google acquires Modu |publisher=cnet |date= |accessdate=20 May 2011}}
75. ^Google Bought Waze For $1.1B, Giving A Social Data Boost To Its Mapping Business
76. ^{{cite web|title=Google acquires Sound Based Password Developing Firm SlickLogin|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/google-acquires-sound-based-password-developing-firm-slicklogin/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=17 February 2014}}
77. ^{{cite press release|url=http://www.redhat.com/promo/qumranet/|title=The Evolution of Virtualization: Qumranet joins Red Hat.|date=4 September 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421123925/http://www.redhat.com/promo/qumranet/|archivedate=21 April 2014}}
78. ^VMware to Acquire B-hive Networks to Further Enhance Virtualization Platform with Application Performance Management {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607051659/http://www.vmware.com/company/news/releases/bi_hive.html |date=7 June 2013 }}, VMware News Releases, 28 May 2008
79. ^VMware to Acquire Several Management Products from EMC Ionix, Ben Verghese, VMware Blogs - 25 February 2010
80. ^VMware To Acquire Digital Fuel, IT Financial and Business Management SaaS Company, VMware News Releases, 13 June 2011
81. ^VMware To Acquire Wanova, Intelligent Desktop Solutions Provider {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525013807/http://www.vmware.com/company/news/releases/vmw-wanova-05-22-12.html |date=25 May 2012 }}, VMware News Releases, 22 May 2012
82. ^{{cite news|title=Micron Technology buys Numonyx Numonyx has 1,200 employees at its Israeli fab, where no layoffs are expected.|url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000538090&fid=1725|newspaper=Globes|date=10 February 2010}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/04/klarna-acquires-analyzd-to-tie-social-to-finance-and-payments/|title=Klarna acquires Analyzd to tie social to finance and payments|date=4 May 2011|publisher=AOL|work=TechCrunch|accessdate=8 April 2016}}
84. ^{{cite news |title=Apple Said to Acquire Israel’s Anobit for About $390 Million |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-01-12/apple-said-to-acquire-israel-s-anobit-for-about-390-million.html |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=12 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601005159/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-01-12/apple-said-to-acquire-israel-s-anobit-for-about-390-million.html |archivedate=1 June 2013 }}
85. ^[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-24/apple-agrees-to-350-million-deal-for-israel-s-primesense.html Apple Agrees to $350 Million Deal for Israel’s PrimeSense], Bloomberg
86. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-buys-israeli-camera-technology-company-linx-1429037790 | title=Apple Buys Israeli Camera-Technology Company LinX | publisher=Wall Street Journal | date=14 April 2015 | accessdate=13 November 2015 | author=Orr Hirschauge}}
87. ^[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-05/covidien-to-buy-jerusalem-based-oridion-for-346-million.html Covidien to Buy Jerusalem-Based Oridion for $346 Million], David Wainer, Bloomberg - 5 April 2012
88. ^Covidien shopping spree could continue The medical device company has announced three acquisitions in Israel this year {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506164355/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000745299&fid=1724 |date=6 May 2012 }}, Gali Weinreb, Globes 12 May 2012
89. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/Business/Facebook-Israel-to-hire-40-new-employees-394744 | title=Facebook Israel to hire 40 new employees | publisher=Jerusalem Post | date=22 March 2015 | accessdate=27 June 2015 | author=NIV ELIS}}
90. ^{{Cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/13/facebook-buys-mobile-analytics-company-onavo-and-finally-gets-its-office-in-israel/|title = Facebook Buys Mobile Data Analytics Company Onavo, Reportedly For Up To $200M… And (Finally?) Gets Its Office In Israel|date = 13 October 2013|accessdate = |website = TechCrunch|publisher = |last = Lunden|first = Ingrid}}
91. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/facebook-owned-company-to-buy-israeli-hand-tracking-start-up/ | title=Facebook-owned company to buy Israeli hand-tracking start-up | publisher=Times of Israel | date=17 July 2015 | accessdate=19 July 2015}}
92. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/amazon-opens-israel-office-to-support-startup-efforts/ | title=Amazon opens Israel office to support startup efforts | publisher=ZDnet | accessdate=27 June 2015 | author=Zack Whittaker}}
93. ^{{cite web|accessdate=24 January 2015|url=https://gigaom.com/2015/01/22/confirmed-amazon-is-buying-annapurna-labs|title=Confirmed Amazon Is Buying Aannapurna Labs|publisher=Gigaom|date=24 January 2015}}
94. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-israels-annapurna-labs-1421936575 | title=Amazon to Acquire Israel’s Annapurna Labs - WSJ: | publisher=Wall Street Journal | date=22 January 2015 | accessdate=27 June 2015 | author=Orr Hirschauge}}
95. ^{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/09/chinese-tech-giant-kuang-chi-harnesses-israeli-tech-to-build-smart-cities-in-china/|title=Chinese tech giant Kuang-Chi harnesses Israeli tech to build smart cities in China|last=Mitzner|first=Dennis|date=9 May 2016|work=TechCrunch|accessdate=}}
96. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/lsrael-video-analytics-firm-gets-kuang-chi-investment/|title=Israel video analytics firm gets Kuang-Chi investment|last=Solomon|first=Shoshana|date=15 September 2016|work=Times of Israel|accessdate=}}
97. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.dealstreetasia.com/stories/tel-aviv-voice-analytics-nabs-3m-investment-from-kuang-chi-group-52224/|title=Tel Aviv voice analytics firm secures $3m investment led by Kuang-Chi Group|last=|first=|date=1 September 2016|work=Deal Street Asia|accessdate=}}
98. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/gesture-tech-firm-eyesight-nabs-20-million-chinese-investment/|title=Gesture tech firm eyeSight nabs $20 million Chinese investment|last=|first=|date=5 May 2016|work=Times of Israel|accessdate=}}
99. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-alibaba-to-open-israel-rd-center-1001207672 |title= Alibaba to open Israel R&D center |date=October 11, 2017 |website=Globes Israel}}
100. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-alibaba-r-d/alibaba-launches-15-billion-overseas-rd-drive-idUSKBN1CG0HI |title=Alibaba launches $15 billion overseas R&D drive |last= Coates |first=Stephen |date=October 10, 2017 |website=Reuters}}

External links

  • {{Commonscat-inline|Silicon Wadi}}
  • Israel’s Silicon Wadi: The forces behind cluster formation — by Catherine de Fontenay and Erran Carmel, June 2002
  • High-Tech Opportunities in Israel — Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, May 2002
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031736/http://www.abs.aston.ac.uk/newweb/research/publications/docs/RP0505.pdf Wireless Valley, Silicon Wadi and Digital Island – Helsinki, Tel Aviv and Dublin and the ICT global production network] — by Stephen Roper and Seamus Grimes, March 2005. (Subsequently published in Geoforum)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807204831/http://wow.eecs.berkeley.edu/ergen/docs/mainIAS.pdf Entrepreneurship Models of the Countries that Leverage Silicon Valley ] by Mustafa Ergen
  • American University: Israel: ICT Geographics
  • VC Cafe — A blog by Eze Vidra, dedicated to covering Israeli startups and venture capital investments in the Silicon Wadi

5 : Economy of Israel|High-technology business districts|Information technology places|Regions of Israel|Science and technology in Israel
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