“Sistrurus miliarius”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

At midbody, the rows of dorsal scales usually number 23. The dorsal pattern consists of a series of oval or subcircular spots with reasonably regular edges. The spots on the flanks are mostly round and not much higher than they are wide. Belly pigmentation towards the rear is more limited to indistinct blotches found on pairs of adjacent scales.^[3] Juveniles have a color pattern that is similar to the adults, although it may be paler or more vividly marked, and the tip of the tail is yellow.^[5]

Common names

Common names for S. miliarius include pygmy rattlesnake, ground rattlesnake, hog-nosed rattlesnake, little rattlesnake, miliar(y) rattlesnake, North American smaller rattlesnake, oak-leaf rattler, pygmy ground rattlesnake, small rattlesnake, southeastern ground rattlesnake, southern ground rattlesnake, southern pygmy rattlesnake, spotted rattler, spotted rattlesnake,^[3] southern rattlesnake.^[6]

Older common names might include bastard rattlesnake, nipple snake, Carolina ground rattlesnake, brick red rattlesnake, Carolina pygmy rattlesnake, Catesby's small snake, dwarf rattlesnake, eastern pygmy rattlesnake, grey rattlesnake, ground rattler (Garman, 1887),

Geographic range

Habitat

Conservation status

This species, S. miliarius, is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v3.1, 2001).^[7] Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend is stable. Year assessed: 2007.^[8]

Behavior

Feeding

The diet of S. miliarius includes small mammals and birds, lizards, insects and frogs,^[3] as well as other snakes.^[9]^[10] Pygmy rattlesnakes also include giant desert centipedes in their diet, which they hunt by active pursuit, grabbing and flipping the centipedes around while simultaneously injecting venom to prevent injury by the victim. They also ambush lizards such as skinks by using their tails as lures, as is common in many other species of viper.^[13]

Venom

Since S. miliarius is unable to produce much venom, it is unlikely that it is able to deliver a fatal bite to a human adult.^[14] Brimley (1942) wrote that although it was too small to be really dangerous, its bite "will give the victim quite an unpleasant time for several days."^[3] However, bites involving children have resulted in prolonged hospitalization and there are also reports of necrosis.^[14]

This snake produces cytotoxic venom that is strongly hemorrhagic and tissue toxic, but devoid of any neurotoxins (Ernst, 1992; Van Mierop, 1976). The venom was the basis for the development of the drug eptifibatide which is used to prevent clotting during a heart attack. The venom is somewhat different in that it contains substantial amounts of serotonin and related tryptamine compounds (Welsh, 1967). Antivenin does not appear to be effective in the treatment of bites of S. miliarius, although CroFab does seem to do a better job than ACP, at least in some animal models. (Consroe et al., 1995).^[14]

Subspecies

See also

References

1. ^{{Redlist species|no=64347|genus=Sistrurus|species=miliarius|date=15 September|year=2007}}
2. ^¹²McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}}.
3. ^¹²³⁴Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). {{ISBN|0-8014-0463-0}}. (Sistrurus miliarius, pp. 1052-1061).
4. ^¹²{{ITIS|id=174302|taxon=Sistrurus miliarius |accessdate=28 February 2007}}
5. ^¹Campbell JA, Lamar WW (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1,500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}.
6. ^U.S. Navy (1991). Poisonous Snakes of the World. New York: United States Government / Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. {{ISBN|0-486-26629-X}}.
7. ^{{Redlist species|no=64347|genus=Sistrurus|species=miliarius|date=15 September|year=2007}}
8. ^{{Redlist CC2001|date=15 September|year=2007}}
9. ^¹Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. LCCCN 79-2217. {{ISBN|0-394-50824-6}}. (Sistrurus miliarius, pp. 697-698 + Plates 625, 641, 642, 645).
10. ^¹Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. (First Edition published in 1958). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company Boston. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. {{ISBN|0-395-19979-4}} (hardcover), {{ISBN|0-395-19977-8}} (paperback). (Sistrurus miliarius, pp. 232-233 + Plate 35 + Map 177).
11. ^Animal Diversity-U. of Michigan (Downloaded Feb. 18, 2010.)
12. ^Ernst, Carl H.; Barbour, Roger W. (1989). Snakes of Eastern North America. Fairfax, Virginia: George Mason University Press. 282 pp.
13. ^https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/07/centipede-rattlesnake-predator-prey-video-animals/
14. ^¹²Norris R (2004). "Venom Poisoning in North American Reptiles". In: Campbell JA, Lamar WW (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1,500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}.
15. ^¹Klauber LM (1997). Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind, Second Edition. (First published in 1956, 1972). Berkeley: University of California Press. 1,476 pp. (in two volumes). {{ISBN|0-520-21056-5}}.

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