| 词条 | Six Arts |
| 释义 |
The Six Arts formed the basis of education in ancient Chinese culture. HistoryDuring the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BCE), students were required to master the "liù yì" (六藝) (Six Arts):
Men who excelled in these six arts were thought to have reached the state of perfection, a perfect gentleman. The Six Arts were practiced by scholars and they already existed before Confucius, but became a part of Confucian philosophy. As such, Xu Gan (170–217 CE) discusses them in the Balanced Discourses. The Six Arts were practiced by the 72 disciples of Confucius.[1] The Six Arts concept developed during the pre-imperial period. It incorporated both military and civil components. The civil side was later associated with the Four Arts (qin playing, chess, calligraphy and painting). However, the latter was more a leisure characteristic for the late imperial time. It evidently overlaps with the Six Arts, since the qin epitomized music, the chess (Go, a board-game known by its Japanese name) related to the military strategy, while calligraphy dealt with the aesthetics of writing and the character cultivation (the rites). Math, calligraphy, literature, equestrianism, archery, music, and rites were the Six Arts.[2] InfluenceThe requirement of students to master the six arts parallels the Western concept of the Renaissance man. The emphasis on the Six Arts bred Confucian gentlemen who knew more than just canonical scholarship. The classical interest practical scholarship invigorated Chinese mathematics, astronomy, and science (e.g. Liu Hui, Zu Chongzhi, Shen Kuo, Yang Hui, Zhu Shijie). This tradition receded after the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), when neo-Confucianism underscored the importance of the four books Analects over the other arts and technical fields. At the Guozijian, law, math, calligraphy, equestrianism, and archery were emphasized by the Ming Hongwu Emperor in addition to Confucian classics and also required in the Imperial Examinations.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Archery and equestrianism were added to the exam by Hongwu in 1370 like how archery and equestrianism were required for non-military officials at the 武舉 College of War in 1162 by the Song Emperor Xiaozong.[9] The area around the Meridian Gate of Nanjing was used for archery by guards and generals under Hongwu.[10] By the Qing dynasty, the Chinese specialists were not able to manage the lunar calendar accurately, and the calendar was going out of phase with nature. This was a great embarrassment to the Chinese court, as the adherence to the lunar calendars by the vassal states was a recognition of the sovereignty of the Chinese court over them. Western astronomical expertise (see Jesuit China missions) was welcomed much as an aftermath of Chinese interest in astronomy and mathematics, partially formulated in the classical Six Arts agenda. See also
References1. ^{{cite book|title=Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vol.set): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2DiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA816&lpg=PA816#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=8 December 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-27164-7|pages=816–}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Zhidong Hao|title=Intellectuals at a Crossroads: The Changing Politics of China's Knowledge Workers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqVIRz_8U9EC&pg=PA37&dq=yuanzhang+archery&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI9c_n7b7MAhXkzoMKHcLRDCYQ6AEIQTAH#v=onepage&q=yuanzhang%20archery&f=false|date=1 February 2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8757-0|pages=37–}} 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Frederick W. Mote|author2=Denis Twitchett|title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q=archery&f=false|date=26 February 1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24332-2|pages=122–}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Stephen Selby|title=Chinese Archery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wY3sAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA267&dq=yuanzhang+archery&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI9c_n7b7MAhXkzoMKHcLRDCYQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=yuanzhang%20archery&f=false|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-962-209-501-4|pages=267–}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Edward L. Farmer|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA59&dq=yuanzhang+archery&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI9c_n7b7MAhXkzoMKHcLRDCYQ6AEIIzAB#v=onepage&q=yuanzhang%20archery&f=false|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10391-0|pages=59–}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Sarah Schneewind|title=Community Schools and the State in Ming China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppDzCJpuKRoC&pg=PA54&dq=yuanzhang+archery&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI9c_n7b7MAhXkzoMKHcLRDCYQ6AEILTAD#v=onepage&q=yuanzhang%20archery&f=false|year=2006|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5174-2|pages=54–}} 7. ^http://www.san.beck.org/3-7-MingEmpire.html 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.atarn.org/training/chinese_archery_bckgrnd.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-12-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012222623/http://www.atarn.org/training/chinese_archery_bckgrnd.htm |archivedate=2015-10-12 |df= }} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Lo Jung-pang|title=China as a Sea Power, 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJPGBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA103&dq=hongwu+archery&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC6_Ot6L7MAhVLmx4KHUycCG0Q6AEIQDAG#v=onepage&q=hongwu%20archery&f=false|date=1 January 2012|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-505-7|pages=103–}} 10. ^http://en.dpm.org.cn/EXPLORE/ming-qing/ 2 : Chinese culture|Zhou dynasty |
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