| 词条 | Skanda Purana |
| 释义 |
The Skanda Purana (IAST: Skanda Purāṇa) is the largest Mahāpurāṇa, a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts.[1] The text contains over 81,000 verses, and is part of Shaivite literature,{{Sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=4-6}} titled after Skanda, a son of Shiva and Parvati, who is also known as Kartikeya and Murugan.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=114, 229-238}} While the text is named after Skanda, he does not feature either more or less prominently in this text than in other Shiva-related Puranas.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=114, 229-238}} The text has been an important historical record and influence on the Hindu traditions related to the war-god Skanda.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=114, 229-238}}[2] The earliest text titled Skanda Purana likely existed by the 8th century CE,[3]{{Sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=1-3}} but the Skanda Purana that has survived into the modern era exists in many versions.{{Sfn|Doniger|1993|pp=59-83}} It is considered by scholars, in a historic sense, as among the "shiftiest, living" texts which was widely edited, over many centuries, creating numerous variants.{{Sfn|Doniger|1993|pp=59-83}} The common elements in the variant editions encyclopedically cover cosmogony, mythology, genealogy, dharma, festivals, gemology, temples, geography, discussion of virtues and evil, of theology and of the nature and qualities of Shiva as the Absolute and the source of true knowledge.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=234-238}} The editions of Skandapurana text also provide an encyclopedic travel handbook with meticulous Tirtha Mahatmya (pilgrimage tourist guides),{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=146, Quote: The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called mahatmyas}} containing geographical locations of pilgrimage centers in India, Nepal and Tibet, with related legends, parables, hymns and stories.[3][4][5] This Mahāpurāṇa, like others, is attributed to the sage Vyasa. Date of compositionHaraprasad Shastri and Cecil Bendall, in about 1898, discovered an old palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana in a Kathmandu library in Nepal, written in Gupta script.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=237}}[6][7] They dated the manuscript to 8th century CE, on paleographic grounds. This suggests that the original text existed before this time.[9] R. Adriaensen, H.Bakker, and H. Isaacson dated the oldest surviving palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana to 810 CE, but Richard Mann adds that earlier versions of the text likely existed in the 8th century CE.[3]{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=229-231}}[8] Hans Bakker states that the text specifies holy places and details about the 4th and 5th-century Citraratha of Andhra Pradesh, and thus may have an earlier origin.{{Sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=3-4 with footnotes}} The oldest versions of the Skandapurana texts have been discovered in the Himalayan region of South Asia such as Nepal, and the northeastern states of India such as Assam.[12] The critical editions of the text, for scholarly studies, rely on the Nepalese manuscripts.[12]Additional texts style themselves as khandas (sections) of Skandapurana, but these came into existence after the 12th century.[12] It is unclear if their root texts did belong to the Skandapurana, and in some cases replaced the corresponding chapters of the original.[12] Some recensions and sections of the Skandapurana manuscripts, states Judit Torzsok, have been traced to be from the 17th century or later, but the first 162 chapters in many versions are the same as the older Nepalese editions except for occasional omissions and insertions.[8] There are a number of texts and manuscripts that bear the title Skanda Purana.[9] Some of these texts, except for the title, have little in common with the well-known Skandapurana traced to the 1st millennium CE.[10] The original text has accrued several additions, resulting in several different versions. It is, therefore, very difficult to establish an exact date of composition for the Skanda Purana.[11]{{Sfn|Doniger|1993|pp=59-83}} StructureStylistically, the Skanda Purana is related to the Mahabharata, and it appears that its composers borrowed from the Mahabharata. The two texts employ similar stock phrases and compounds that are not found in the Ramayana.[9] Some of the mythology mentioned in the present version of the Skanda Purana is undoubtedly post-Gupta period, consistent with that of medieval South India. This indicates that several additions were made to the original text over the centuries.[12] The Kashi Khanda, for example, acquired its present form around the mid-13th century CE.[13] The latest part of the text might have been composed in as late as the 15th century CE.[11] Contents{{Quote box|quote = Tirtha: Holy Pilgrimage Tirtha are of three kinds, Jangam Tirtha is to a place movable, Sthawar Tirtha is to a place immovable, Manas Tirtha is to a place of mind, |source = —Skanda Purana[4][14] |bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align = right }} The whole corpus of texts which are considered as part of the Skanda Purana is grouped in two ways. According to one tradition, these are grouped in six {{IAST|saṁhitā}}s, each of which consists of several {{IAST|khaṇḍa}}s. According to another tradition, these are grouped in seven {{IAST|khaṇḍa}}s, each named after a major pilgrimage region or site. The chapters are Mahatmyas, or travel guides for pilgrimage tourists.{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=146, Quote: The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called mahatmyas}} The seven khandasThe {{IAST|Maheśvara Khaṇḍa}} consists of 3 sections:[26]{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}
The {{IAST|Viṣṇu Khaṇḍa}} or {{IAST|Vaiṣṇava Khaṇḍa}} consists of nine sections:[26]{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}
The {{IAST|Brahma Khaṇḍa}} has three sections (four in some manuscripts):[26]{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}
The {{IAST|Kāśī Khaṇḍa}} (100 chapters, Varanasi and Vindya Tirtha region{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=232-233}}) is divided into two parts:[26]{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}
The {{IAST|Āvantya Khaṇḍa}} consists of:[26]
The {{IAST|Nāgara Khaṇḍa}} (279 chapters) consists of {{IAST|Tirtha-māhātmya}}.[26]{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}} The {{IAST|Prabhāsa Khaṇḍa}} (491 chapters) consists of four sections:[26]{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=229}}
The six samhitasThe second type of division of the Skanda Purana is found in some texts like {{IAST|Hālasyamāhātmya}} of the {{IAST|Agastya Saṁhitā}} or the {{IAST|Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā}}, {{IAST|Sambhava Kāṇḍa}} of the {{IAST|Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā}}, {{IAST|Śivamāhātmya Khaṇḍa}} of the {{IAST|Sūta Saṁhitā}} and {{IAST|Kālikā Khaṇḍa}} of the {{IAST|Sanatkumāra Saṁhitā}}. According to these texts, the Skanda Purana consists of six {{IAST|saṁhitā}}s (sections):
The manuscripts of the {{IAST|Sanatkumāra Saṁhitā}}, the {{IAST|Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā}}, the {{IAST|Sūta Saṁhitā}} and the {{IAST|Saura Saṁhitā}} are extant. A manuscript of a commentary on the {{IAST|Sūta Saṁhitā}} by {{IAST|Madhavācārya}} is also available.[26] These texts discuss cosmogony, theology, philosophical questions on virtues and vice, questions such as what is evil, the origin of evil, how to deal with and cure evil.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=236-237}} The other textsThe manuscripts of several other texts which claim to be part of the Skanda Purāṇa are found partially or wholly. Some of the notable regional texts amongst these are: {{IAST|Himavat Khaṇḍa}} which contains Nepalamahatmya (30 chapters, Nepal Tirtha region), {{IAST|Kanakādri Khaṇḍa}}, {{IAST|Bhīma Khaṇḍa}}, {{IAST|Śivarahasya Khaṇḍa}}, {{IAST|Sahyādri Khaṇḍa}}, {{IAST|Ayodhyā Khaṇḍa}}, {{IAST|Mathurā Khaṇḍa}} and {{IAST|Pātāla Khaṇḍa}}.[26] Kaverimahatmya presents stories and a pilgrim guide for the Kaveri river (Karnataka) and Coorg Tirtha region.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=237}} Vivsamitrimahatmya presents mythology and a guide for the Vadodara Tirtha region.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=237}} The oldest known 1st-millennium palm-leaf manuscripts of this text mention many major Hindu pilgrimage sites, but do not describe Kailash-Manasarovar.[7] The later versions do, particularly in Manasakhanda.[7] The narrativesThe Skanda Purana, like many Puranas, include the legends of the Daksha's sacrifice, Shiva's sorrow, churning of the ocean (Samudra manthan) and the emergence of Amrita, the story of the demon Tarakasura, the birth of Goddess Parvati, her pursuit of Shiva, and her marriage to Lord Shiva, among others. The central aim of the Skandapurana text, states Hans Bakker, is to sanctify the geography and landscape of South Asia, and legitimize the regional Shaiva communities across the land, as it existed at the time the edition was produced.{{Sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=10-11}} The text reflects the political uncertainties, the competition with Vaishnavism, and the cultural developments with the Pashupata Hindus during the periods it was composed.{{Sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|pp=11-13}} ManuscriptsThe Kanda Puranam manuscripts have been found in Nepal, Tamil Nadu (Tamil:கந்த புராணம்) and other parts of India.[9] The 1910 edition included seven {{IAST|khaṇḍa}}s (parts): {{IAST|Maheśvara}}, {{IAST|Viṣṇu}} or {{IAST|Vaiṣṇava}}, Brahma, {{IAST|Kāśī}}, {{IAST|Āvantya}}, {{IAST|Nāgara}} and {{IAST|Prabhāsa}}.[15] In 1999–2003, an English translation of this text was published by the Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi in 20 volumes. This translation is also based on a text divided into seven {{IAST|khaṇḍa}}s. See also
References1. ^Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare (1996). Studies in {{IAST|Skanda Purāṇa}}. Published by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1260-3}} 2. ^KK Kurukkal (1961), A Study of the Karttikeya Cult as reflected in the Epics and the Puranas, University of Ceylon Review, Vol. 19, pages 131-138 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Jean Holm|author2=John Bowker |title=Sacred Place |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdUpfmISwwC|year= 1998|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-8264-5303-7|page=68}} 4. ^1 {{cite book| author1=Krishan Sharma| author2=Anil Kishore Sinha| author3=Bijon Gopal Banerjee| title=Anthropological Dimensions of Pilgrimage| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrkUMlsu_YIC |year= 2009|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-89091-09-5|pages=3–5}} 5. ^Vijay Nath (2007), Puranic Tirthas: A study of their indigenous origins and the transformation (based mainly on the Skanda Purana), Indian Historical Review, Vol. 34, Issue 1, pages 1-46 6. ^{{cite book|ref=harv|author=D. C. Sircar|title=Indian Epigraphy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA63| year=1965|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1166-9|page=63}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Alex McKay|title=Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3HsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|year=2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004306189| pages=134–143}} 8. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLN0F7GGecsC&lpg=PA2&pg=PA2 |title=Origin and Growth of the Purāṇic Text Corpus |chapter=The Structure of the Varanasimahatmya in Skandapurana 26-31 |pages=17–18 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |author=Hans Bakker (Editor) |year=2004 |isbn=9788120820494 }} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=YcYyAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA187&pg=PA187 |title=The Rise of Mahāsena |publisher=BRILL |year=2011 |author=Richard D. Mann |isbn=9789004218864 |page=187 }} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLN0F7GGecsC&lpg=PA2&pg=PA2 |title=Origin and Growth of the Purāṇic Text Corpus |chapter=The Structure of the Varanasimahatmya in Skandapurana 26-31 |pages=2–3 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |author=Hans Bakker |year=2004 |isbn=9788120820494 }} 11. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RyNCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA139&pg=PA139 |title=The Art of Living Foundation |author=Stephen Jacobs |page=139 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=9781472412683 |year=2015 }} 12. ^1 {{cite book |title=The Many Faces of Murukan̲ |author=Fred W. Clothey |year=1978 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9789027976321 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC&lpg=PA224&pg=PA224 }} 13. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=r10f4uwzcosC&lpg=PA272&pg=PA272 |title=Death in Banaras |author=Jonathan P. Parry |page=272 |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521466257 }} 14. ^{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Geoffrey Waring Maw|title=Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IarXAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Sessions Book Trust|isbn=978-1-85072-190-1|page=7}} 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Shastri, P. (1995) Introduction to the Puranas, New Delhi: Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, pp.118–20 Bibliography
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