“Skip bombing”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Skip bombing was a low-level bombing technique independently developed by several of the combatant nations in World War II, notably Australia, Britain, and the United States. It allows an aircraft to successfully attack shipping by skipping the bomb across the water like a stone. Dropped at very low altitudes, the bomb never rises more than about {{convert|5|m}} above the surface of the water, ensuring that it will hit the side of the ship as long as it is aimed correctly in direction.

As the technique required the aircraft to fly at very low altitudes directly at the ship, it made the task of shooting down the aircraft easier as well. In the immediate pre-war era, there was considerable effort to develop new bombsights that would allow the aircraft to remain at higher altitudes. The most notable was the US Navy's Norden bombsight, which was fit to most Navy aircraft. In practice, these proved largely useless, and the skip-bombing technique was soon introduced operationally.

After Pearl Harbor (December 1941), it was used prominently against Imperial Japanese Navy warships and transports by Major William Benn of the 63rd Squadron, 43rd Bomb Group (Heavy), Fifth Air Force, United States Army Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific area theater during World War II. General George Kenney has been credited with being the first to use skip bombing with the U.S. Army Air Forces.^[1]^[2]

Technique

The bombing aircraft flew at very low altitudes ({{convert|200|-|250|ft|m|abbr=on}}) at speeds from {{convert|200|-|250|mph|km/h kn|abbr=on}}. They would release a "stick" of two to four bombs, usually {{convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} or {{convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs preferably equipped with four- to five-second time delay fuzes. The bombs would "skip" over the surface of the water in a manner similar to stone skipping and either bounce into the side of the ship and detonate, submerge and explode next to the ship, or bounce over the target and miss. Unlike "Upkeep" or "Highball", this technique used standard bomb types, although only bombs with a generally hemispherical nose — as all regular American World War II "general purpose" aircraft bomb ordnance items were designed to have — would bounce off the water surface properly.

A similar technique was mast-height bombing, in which bombers would approach the target at low altitude, {{convert|200|to|500|ft}}, at about {{convert|265|to|275|mph}}, and then drop down to mast height, {{convert|10|to|15|ft}} at about {{convert|600|yd}} from the target. They would release their bombs at around {{convert|300|yd}}, aiming directly at the side of the ship. In practice, the techniques were often combined: a bomber would drop two bombs, skipping the first and launching the second at mast height.^[3] The Battle of the Bismarck Sea would demonstrate the effectiveness of these low-level attacks on ships.^[4] Practice missions were carried out against the {{ship|SS|Pruth|1916|6}}, a liner that had run aground in 1923.^[5]

Aircraft

Various aircraft types were used for skip-bombing attacks, including B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers, B-25 Mitchell medium bombers, and A-20 Havoc attack bombers. These were supported by heavily armed Royal Australian Air Force Bristol Beaufighters, which would suppress Japanese antiaircraft fire with their machine guns and cannon. The Soviets used lend-leased A-20 Havocs and P-40 Tomahawks as well as Il-2 Sturmoviks (also used for air defence suppression). Skip bombers were often used by aviation of the Soviet Northern Fleet in combination with torpedo bombers (usually the same A-20 aircraft, skip bomber and torpedo bomber operated in pairs). Skip bombers were called "topmachtoviks" (топмачтовики) in Russian, because they were flying "at the level of ship mast tops".

Advantages and disadvantages

Skip bombing carried several advantages. Unguided, unpowered bombs are vastly cheaper than torpedoes of equivalent explosive power. Torpedoes take up to several minutes to reach their targets after launch, enough time for an agile ship with an attentive crew to turn and avoid the attack or minimize its damage; skipped bombs, however, reach their targets in seconds. Skip bombing is additionally carried out at high speeds, increasing bombers' chances of surviving anti-aircraft fire as aerial torpedoes of the era were dropped at relatively low speeds.

The main drawback of skip bombing was that it took a great deal of skill to perfect; sometimes the bombs would detonate too soon, or in some cases, sink too deep before its delay-fuzed explosion.^[6]

History

The first use of low-altitude bombing in WWII properly belongs to the British. On September 4, 1939, 15 British Bristol Blenheim bombers assaulted a group of German vessels near Wilhelmshaven, Germany. From an altitude of 100 feet, the aircraft crews dropped their bombs straight onto the decks of the ships - not skipped them up to or into the hulls. These first efforts failed to sink the ships because the bombs had insufficient time to arm before impact. They did, however, demonstrate the precision of a low-altitude attack. The British continued to use low-altitude techniques and eventually began to incorporate skip bombing into their tactics.^[7]

Although historically, American skip bombing started with the prewar attack doctrine espoused by General George Kenney,^[8] practically, it began on August 26, 1941, when General Henry "Hap" Arnold, Chief of the Army Air Forces (US), heard details of a British skip bombing attack at an Allied conference in England.^[9] Upon his return from England, General Arnold charged developmental teams at Eglin Army Airfield, Florida with the task of creating an American version of skip bombing.^[10]

Major William Benn, General Kenney's aide, had witnessed some of the testing at Eglin during the summer of 1942. In July of that year, Kenney and Benn conducted their own ad hoc experiment in Nadi, Fiji on Kenney's way to take command of the Fifth Army Air Force based in Australia.^[11] In late September 1942, Major Benn, then commanding the 63d BS of the 43d Bombardment Group, was using a wrecked ship, {{ship|SS|Pruth|1916|6}}, sitting on a reef outside Port Moresby Harbor for skip bombing training.^[12]^[13]

By the time the Eglin Airfield test results were released in December 1942, Benn and the 63d BS, 43d BG, Fifth Army Air Force had already put low-altitude and skip bombing into practice. The first time skip bombing was used in action by U.S. pilots was against Japanese warships at Rabaul on New Britain on the night of October 22-23, 1942, where B-17 heavy bombers attacked and destroyed the enemy vessels.^[14] With the continuing success against shipping in Rabaul Harbor throughout October and November 1942, both the tactic and the term 'skip bombing' had become popular in the Fifth Army Air Force.^[15]

A notable use of this technique was during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, March 2–4, 1943, off the northern coast of New Guinea.

Technique

Aircraft

Advantages and disadvantages

History

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links