词条 | SLOWPOKE reactor |
释义 |
The SLOWPOKE (acronym for Safe LOW-POwer Kritical Experiment) is a low-energy, tank-in-pool type nuclear research reactor designed by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) in the late 1960s. John W. Hilborn is the scientist most closely associated with its design.{{according to|date=May 2017}} It is beryllium-reflected with a very low critical mass but provides neutron fluxes higher than available from a small particle accelerator or other radioactive sources. Basic designThe SLOWPOKE-2 originally used 93% highly enriched uranium in the form of 28% uranium-aluminium alloy with aluminium cladding, and then in 1985 a new low enriched uranium design (~19.9 % enriched) was commissioned using ceramic UO2 fuel. The core is an assembly of about 200-300 fuel pins, only 22 cm diameter and 23 cm high, surrounded by a fixed beryllium annulus and a bottom beryllium slab. Criticality is maintained as the fuel burns up by adding beryllium plates in a tray on top of the core. The reactor core sits in a pool of regular light-water, 2.5 m diameter by 6 m deep, which provides cooling via natural convection. In addition to passive cooling, the reactor has a high degree of inherent safety; that is, it can regulate itself through passive, natural means, such as the chain reaction slowing down if the water heats up or forms bubbles. These characteristics are so dominant, in fact, that the SLOWPOKE-2 reactor is licensed to operate unattended overnight (but monitored remotely). Most SLOWPOKES are rated at a nominal 20 kW, although operation at higher power for shorter durations is possible. HistorySLOWPOKE-1 and SLOWPOKE-2The SLOWPOKE research reactor was conceived in 1967 at the Whiteshell Laboratories of AECL. In 1970 a prototype unit was designed and built at Chalk River Laboratories. It was primarily intended for Canadian universities, providing a higher neutron flux than available from small commercial accelerators, while avoiding the complexity and high operating costs of existing nuclear reactors. The Chalk River prototype went critical in 1970, and was moved to the University of Toronto in 1971. It had one sample site in the beryllium reflector and operated at a power level of 5 kW. In 1973 the power was increased to 20 kW and the period of unattended operation was increased from 4 hours to 18 hours. The first commercial example was started up in 1971 at AECL's Commercial Products Division in Ottawa; and in 1976 a commercial design, named SLOWPOKE-2, was installed at the University of Toronto, replacing the original SLOWPOKE-1 unit. The commercial model has five sample sites in the beryllium reflector and five sites stationed outside the reflector. Between 1976 and 1984, seven SLOWPOKE-2 reactors with Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) fuel were commissioned in six Canadian cities and in Kingston, Jamaica. In 1985 the first Low-Enriched Uranium (LEU) fuelled SLOWPOKE-2 reactor was commissioned at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) in Kingston, Ontario. Since then three reactors have been decommissioned (University of Toronto, Alberta, and Dalhousie), and one converted to LEU (Ecole Polytechnique). SLOWPOKE-3 and SLOWPOKE-4AECL also designed and built a scaled-up version (2-10 MWth) called the SLOWPOKE Demonstration Reactor (SDR, "SLOWPOKE-3") for district heating at its Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment in Manitoba. The economics of a district-heating system based on SDR technology were estimated to be competitive with that of conventional fossil fuels. However, the market for this technology did not materialize, and the proposed SES-10 ("SLOWPOKE-4" based on SDR experience) was never built, and the SDR shutdown for decommissioning. Marine Power SourceDuring the mid-1980s Canada briefly considered converting its Oberon class submarines to nuclear power using a SLOWPOKE nuclear reactor to continuously recharge the ship's batteries during submerged operations.[1] A good deal{{clarify|date=January 2018}} of work had been done on potential marine applications of the reactor at Royal Military College of Canada.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Current applicationsSLOWPOKE reactors are used mainly for neutron activation analysis (NAA), in research and as a commercial service, but also for teaching, training, irradiation studies, neutron radiography (only at the Royal Military College of Canada), and the production of radioactive tracers. The main advantages are the reliability and ease of use of this design of reactor and the reproducibility of the neutron flux. Since the fuel is not modified at all for at least 20 years, the neutron spectrum in the irradiation sites does not change and the neutron flux is reproducible to about 1%. Four of the original reactors are still in operation. Although all of the technical goals of this reactor were achieved, the lack of foreign sales was disappointing.
Former applications
See also
References1. ^{{cite book|author=Julie H. Ferguson|title=Through a Canadian Periscope: The Story of the Canadian Submarine Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrgWiHhaHVEC&pg=PA363|date=10 March 2014|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-1056-6|page=363}} 2. ^Royal Military College of Canada SLOWPOKE 3. ^École Polytechnique de Montréal's SLOWPOKE-2 4. ^SRC Operating License 5. ^Dalhousie University SLOWPOKE-2 6. ^University of Toronto SLOWPOKE-2 7. ^[https://www.ualberta.ca/environment-health-safety/about-us/public-information-and-disclosure-program/slowpoke University of Alberta Public Information and Disclosure program] 8. ^University of Alberta’s SLOWPOKE-2
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