| 词条 | SM UB-65 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Service historyDuring her active career she sailed on six war patrols, sinking six merchant ships and damaging six more. She also sank the British {{sclass-|Anchusa|sloop}} {{HMS|Arbutus|1917|6}}.[3] The U-boat was lost off Padstow, Cornwall on or after 14 July 1918 with the loss of all her 37 crew.[3] RediscoveryAn expedition mounted in 2004 as part of the Channel 4 Wreck Detectives underwater archaeological TV series to survey a previously unidentified U-boat wreck that had been located earlier at {{Coord|50.611|-5.005|display=inline, title|region:GB_scale:1000000}}, during a routine survey by the Royal Navy, confirmed the identity of the boat as UB-65. Inspection of the wreck by nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney and U-boat historian Dr. Axel Niestlé (through identification of design features such as the type of deck gun, and identification numbers that were stamped on one of her propellers) proved conclusively that the wreck was that of UB-65. A survey of the wreck showed no obvious indication of weapon attack being the cause of loss (although this could not be ruled out; damage assessment expert David Manley determined that shock damage from a depth charge attack could have caused loss through failure of internal seawater systems and hull penetrations that would not be obvious from an external examination). The aft hatches were open, indicating a possible attempt by at least some of the crew to escape from the vessel. Consideration of the various observations of the wreck, along with historical observations regarding depth control and handling difficulties on diving experienced by other boats of the class, led to a conclusion that she was most likely lost through accidental causes on or after 14 July 1918, the date of the sinking of a Portuguese vessel in the Padstow area. All of her crew of 37 were listed as lost.[4] Having been identified as UB-65 the wreck was given protected place status under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 on 1 November 2006.[5]Previous beliefs regarding lossThe identification of the Padstow U-boat wreck corrected the earlier accepted version of UB-65's loss. According to official German Naval records the boat was presumed lost following a premature explosion of one of her own torpedoes on 10 July 1918, south of the Irish coast.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=25-30}} According to United States Navy records it was reported that, whilst returning from patrol and near Fastnet Rock, the U.S. submarine {{USS|L-2|SS-41|2}} observed what the captain (named Forster) first took to be a buoy on the horizon. Moving closer, Captain Forster found that it was actually a German submarine, only later to be identified as UB-65. It was listing heavily on the water's surface, seemingly disabled. Forster guided his sub around it, hoping to line up a torpedo shot. But before he could do so, the crippled vessel was torn apart by a huge explosion. UB-65 rose up on its bows and sank. There were no survivors and no bodies were ever recovered. The sound of small propellers and an underwater signalling device could be heard for a short while after the explosion. The cause of the explosion was not known.
Allegations of hauntingIt is the subject of many tales of a ghost, said to be the second officer, Lieutenant Richter, who was killed when a torpedo exploded fairly early in the U-boat's career. Indeed, the building of the ship was plagued by disaster, including asphyxiation of three crew members by diesel fumes in the engine room and the crushing of two more by a falling girder. While UB-65 was being tested for seaworthiness, one of the crew members was swept overboard when he was inspecting the hatches. He was never seen again. During the first test dive of UB-65, a fracture occurred in a ballast tank, causing the submarine to sink to the bottom of the sea. The crew lacked any means of renewing the oxygen in the vessel, but after 12 hours the crew finally managed to raise the submarine to the surface of the ocean. These incidents may have given rise to a belief among the crew that the ship was cursed. As no one wanted to board or be stationed on the ship, it is believed that the German Imperial Navy called a priest on board to exorcise the ship.[6][7][8] In his book "Tales of Real Haunting", Tony Allan quotes "According to one source, the American officer thought he saw someone on deck just before UB-65 went down. It was a figure in a German officer's overcoat, standing near the bow with folded arms. If this can be believed, Lieutenant Richter may have put in a final appearance". According to researchers George Behe and Michael Goss, the stories about hauntings from UB-65 were invented by the journalist Hector Charles Bywater, who wrote about the subject. They speculated that Bywater was a good story teller who had invented some of his references, such as a post-war pamphlet written by a "Dr. Hecht". Behe and Goss concluded that "Official documents make it extremely difficult to believe that UB-65 was haunted... The responsibility for that rumor-like legend in all its dramatic detail cannot be traced back with any certainty before Hector C. Bywater."[9] Summary of raiding history
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite book |author=Innes McCartney |year=2015 |title=The Maritime Archaeology of a Modern Conflict: Comparing the Archaeology of German Submarine Wrecks to the Historical Text |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=119–123 |isbn=978-1138814356 }} 2. ^{{cite Uboat.net|id=290|name=Martin Schelle|type=1comm|accessdate=4 February 2015}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite Uboat.net|id=UB+65|name=UB 65|type=1sub|accessdate=29 September 2010}} 4. ^{{cite book |author=Innes McCartney |year=2015 |title=The Maritime Archaeology of a Modern Conflict: Comparing the Archaeology of German Submarine Wrecks to the Historical Text |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=119–123 |isbn=978-1138814356 }} 5. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/2616/introduction/made |title=The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order 2006 |work=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=29 September 2010}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://perdurabo10.tripod.com/ships/id172.html|title=Haunting of German Submarine U-65|last=Donahue|first=James|accessdate=9 October 2008}} 7. ^UB-65 - A German submarine {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014201111/http://nzghosts.co.nz/sea.htm |date=14 October 2008 }} 8. ^{{cite book | title=Strange Stories, Amazing Facts| last=Digest| first=Reader's| year=1975| pages=384| publisher=Reader's Digest | chapter=Ghost on the prow }} 9. ^Behe, George; Goss, Michael. (2005). Lost at Sea: Ghost Ships and Other Mysteries. Prometheus Books. pp. 152-166. {{ISBN|1-57866-147-1}} 10. ^Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement. 11. ^{{cite Uboat.net|id=ub65|name=UB-65|type=1boat|accessdate=4 February 2015}} Citations{{Reflist}}Bibliography
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }} External links
|id=UB+65 |name=UB-65 |type=1sub }}
12 : German Type UB III submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1917|U-boats sunk in 1918|World War I submarines of Germany|World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean|Protected Wrecks of England|1917 ships|Ships built in Hamburg|Ships lost with all hands|Legendary ghost ships|1917 in Germany|1918 in England |
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