| 词条 | Social forestry in India |
| 释义 |
Social forestry means the management and protection of forest and afforestation of barren and deforested lands with the purpose of helping environmental, social and rural development. The term, social forestry, was first used in 1976 by The National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India. It was then that India embarked upon the social forestry project with the aim of taking the pressure off currently existing forests by planting trees on all unused and fallow land.{{cn|date=June 2017}} Social forestry is basically for the people by the people and of the people approach. it is therefore a democratic approach of forest conservation and usage. Social forestry programmeThe Indian government is trying to increase forest areas that are close to human settlement and have been degraded over the years due to human activities needed to be afforested. Trees were to be planted in and around agricultural fields. Plantation of trees along railway lines and roadsides, and river and canal banks were carried out. They were planted in village common land, government wasteland, and Panchayat land. Social forestry scheme was initiated in India to increase fuel availability in rural areas and to prevent soil erosion. This programme was a failure because of the lack of governance{{cn|date=October 2018}}. It is important to know that social forestry includes maximum utilization of land for several purposes. Involvement of common peopleSocial forestry also aims at raising plantations by the common man so as to meet the growing demand for timber, fuel wood, fodder, etc., thereby reducing pressure on traditional forest areas. This concept of village forests to meet the needs of the rural people is not new. It has existed through the centuries all over the country, but it is now being given a new character.{{cn|date=June 2017}} With the introduction of this scheme, the government formally recognised the local communities’ rights to forest resources, and is now encouraging rural participation in the management of natural resources. Through the social forestry scheme, the government has involved community participation, as part of a drive towards afforestation, and rehabilitating the degraded forest and common lands.{{cn|date=June 2017}} Need of social forestryThis need for a social forestry scheme was felt as India has a dominant rural population that still depends largely on fuel wood and other biomass for their cooking and heating. This demand for fuel wood will not come down but the area under forest will reduce further due to the growing population and increasing human activities. Yet the government managed the projects for five years then gave them over to the village panchayats (village council) to manage for themselves and generate products or revenue as they saw fit.{{cn|date=June 2017}} The classic case of BiharBihar is one of the poorest states of India and the work under MNREGA is not available during the flood times which covers a major portion of the year in many areas of Bihar. Apart from this the physical work which is available under MNREGA is strenuous and is not fit for the differently abled and the old. The forest area of Bihar was also dismally low at 7 in 2011. All these problems were innovatively taken up by secretary of rural development of Bihar SM Raju who linked social forestry scheme to MNREGA thus paving the way for poverty reduction and reducing climate change, under the new scheme the people taking care of plants were to get the ownership of them after 5 years,it was done to ensure complete care for plants. The project is a huge success within 3 years the forest area went up to 12.86% and this in addition to providing employment to thousands of handicapped, women and old people.{{cn|date=June 2017}} TypesSocial forestry scheme can be categorized into groups; farm forestry, community forestry, extension forestry and agroforestry. Farm forestryIt is a term applied to the process under which farmers grows trees for commercial and non-commercial purposes on their farm lands . At present in almost all the countries where social forestry programmes have been taken up, both commercial and non-commercial farm forestry is being promoted in one form or the other. Individual farmers are being encouraged to plant trees on their own farmland to meet the domestic needs of the family. In many areas, this tradition of growing trees on the farmland already exists. Non-commercial farm forestry is the main thrust of most of the social forestry projects in the country today. It is not always necessary that the farmer grows trees for fuelwood, but very often they are interested in growing trees without any economic motive. They may want it to provide shade for the agricultural crops; as wind shelters; soil conservation or to use wasteland. Farm Forestry is another name for Agroforestry; a part of Social Forestry. Due to huge requirement of pulpwood for production virgin cellulosic fibre based paper, the pulp and paper industry has become a major demand driver for certain species of tree such as Eucalyptus, Babul Acacia catechu, Subabul(Leucaena leucocephala) and was the connected Casuarina equisetifolia. As a rough estimate, the total demand for pulpwood is approximately 10 million ADMT (i.e. wood having 10% moisture). Indian Paper Manufacturer's Association is an umbrella organisation of Indian Pulp and Paper Industry which coordinates and drives plantation efforts by member organisations in India. It is very important to us but on the evil side, it is causing damage to the forest. A full grown up pulp tree takes at least 40 years and gets cut down in 4 mins. Community forestry{{see also|Community forestry}}[Also called as Rural Forestry] Another scheme taken up under the social forestry programme, is the raising of trees on community land and not on private land as in farm forestry. All these programmes aim to provide for the entire community and not for any individual. The government has the responsibility of providing seedlings, fertilizer but the community has to take responsibility of protecting the trees. Some communities manage the plantations sensibly and in a sustainable manner so that the village continues to benefit. Some others took advantage and sold the timber for a short-term individual profit. Common land being everyone’s land is very easy to exploit. Over the last 19 years, large-scale planting of Eucalyptus, as a fast-growing exotic, has occurred in India, making it a part of the drive to reforest the subcontinent, and create an adequate supply of timber for rural communities upon the augur of ‘social forestry’. Extension forestry{{see also|Urban forestry}}Planting of trees on the sides of roads, canals and railways, along with planting on wastelands is known as ‘extension’ forestry, increasing the boundaries of forests. Under this project there has been creation of wood lots in the village common lands, government wastelands and Panchayat lands. Schemes for afforesting the degraded government forests that are close to villages are being carried out all over the country. Agroforestry[Comes under Rural Forestry] In agroforestry, silvicultural practices are combined with agricultural crops like leguminous crop, along with orchard farming and live stock ranching on the same piece of land. In lay man language agroforestry could be understood as growing of forest tree along with agriculture crop on the same piece of land. In a more scientific way agroforestry may be defined as a sustainable land use system that maintains or increases the total yield by combining food crop together with forest tree and live stock ranching on the same unit of land, using management practices that takes care of the social and culture characteristic of the local people and the economic and ecological condition of the local area. Due to huge requirement of pulpwood for production virgin celluolosic fibre based paper, Pulp & Paper Industry have become a major demand driver for particular species of tree like Eucalyptus Eucalyptus, Acasia Acacia, Subabul Leucaena leucocephala and Casaurina Casuarina. As a rough estimate, total demand for pulp wood is approximately 10 million ADMT (i.e. wood having 10% moisture). Indian Paper Manufacturer's Association is an umbrella organisation of Indian Pulp and Paper Industry which co-ordinates and drives plantation efforts by member organisations in India. ObjectivesSocial forestry schemes have been started throughout India, making a difference in forest cover and benefiting rural and urban communities.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} The main objectives of such schemes include:
See also{{portal|Forestry|India}}
References
2 : Forestry in India|Conservation in India |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。