| 词条 | Sociological aspects of secrecy |
| 释义 |
The sociological aspects of secrecy were first studied by Georg Simmel in the early-1900s. Simmel describes secrecy as the ability or habit of keeping secrets. He defines the secret as the ultimate sociological form for the regulation of the flow and distribution of information. Simmel put it best by saying "if human interaction is conditioned by the capacity to speak, it is shaped by the capacity to be silent."[1] It also can control the very essence of social relations through manipulations of the ratio of "knowledge" to "ignorance". The secrecy "concept"Simmel[2] defines the secret society as an interactional unit characterized in its total by the fact that reciprocal relations among its members are governed by the protective function of secrecy. This central feature is established on a dual contingency:
Simmel's PropositionsGeorg Simmel came up with some unifying threads that he summed up and called the "Propositions".[2][3] What these propositions function as is that they work together and apply primarily to the genetic and developmental conditions of the secret society. Here are a few of them.
Rehabilitating the secretSome scholars working in sociology have attempted to rehabilitate the secret: to question the moral distaste it has accumulated in the current era of transparency in order to think through its more creative, productive or politically resistant possibilities.[4][5] The censorship ideaSecrecy and censorship can involve norms about the control of information. This idea was integrated by saying that Censorship of communication in the modern sense is associated with large, complex urban societies with a degree of centralized control and technical means of effectively reaching a mass audience.[6] It involves a determination of what can, and can not (or in the case of non-governmental efforts should and should not) be expressed in light of given political, religious, cultural, and artistic standards. The appearance of new communications (e.g., the printing press or the Internet) technologies invariably create demands from conflicting groups for greater openness and freedom of communication and demands for greater control. Authorities try (often in vain) to control new techniques of mass communication. Three major means of direct censorship (pre-publication review, licensing and registration, and government monopolization) are preventive in nature. Among democracies there is considerable variation in censorship by content, media of communication, place, time period and across societies. There are degrees of censorship and individual interests are balanced against those of the community, however hard the latter is to define. More common than outright prohibition, is the segmentation of material involving time, place and person restrictions. Direct government means of censorship must be considered separately from the availability of resources to create and distribute information, the activities of private groups and from informal censorship, including exclusion from sources of information and self-censorship. In a democratic society secrecy and openness exist in a continual dynamic tension. See also{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
}} References1. ^{{cite book |last=Simmel |first=Georg |year=2009 |orig-year=1908|title=Sociology: Inquiries into the Construction of Social Forms, Volume 1 |url= |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=Brill |page=340 |isbn=978-90-04-17321-7}} 2. ^1 Georg Simmel. "The Sociology of Secrecy and of the Secret Societies" American Journal of Sociology 11(1906): 441-498 3. ^{{cite journal|author=Hazelrigg, Lawrence E|authorlink=Lawrence E. Hazelrigg|year=1969|title=A Re-examination of Simmel's 'The secret and the secret society': Nine Propositions'}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last=Birchall|first=Clare|title='Transparency, Interrupted: Secrets of the Left|journal=Theory, Culture & Society|date=December 2011|volume=28|issue=7-8|doi= 10.1177/0263276411423040 }} 5. ^{{cite journal|last=Bratich|first=Jack|title=Popular Secrecy and Occultural Studies|journal=Cultural Studies|year=2007|volume=21|issue=1|doi=10.1080/09502380601046956}} 6. ^Hazelrigg, Lawrence E (1969) "Social Forces" Additional resources
1 : Sociological terminology |
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