1. Translations

2. Summary

3. Controversy
    Boston area  Other schools  Author expresses contrition 

4. Accusations of fabrication
    U. S. bombers  Korean communist presence 

5. See also

6. Explanatory notes

7. References

8. Bibliography

So Far from the Bamboo Grove is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Yoko Kawashima Watkins, a Japanese American writer.^[1] It was originally published by Beech Tree in April 1986.

Watkins was awarded the Literary Lights for Children Award by Associates of the Boston Public Library in 1998 and the Courage of Conscience Award by the Peace Abbey.^[2][3]

Watkins's book takes place in the last days of 35 years of Korea and Japan annexation. An eleven-year-old Japanese girl, Yoko Kawashima, whose father works for the Japanese government, must leave her home in Nanam, part of northern Korea, as her family escapes south to Seoul, then to Pusan, to return to Japan.

Translations

A Korean version of this book titled Yoko iyagi (요코이야기, "Yoko's tale") was published in 2005 and sold 4,000 copies of the first printing.^[4] However, it was banned soon after.

A Japanese version of this book, Takebayashi haruka tōku : Nihonjin shōjo Yōko no sensō taikenki (竹林はるか遠く : 日本人少女ヨーコの戦争体験記, "Bamboo grove far distant: Japanese girl Yōko's war experience account") became available in June 2013.^[5] As of June 7, 2013, the book was at No. 1 on the Amazon Best Sellers in Books in Japan.^[6]

Summary

The story begins with Yoko Kawashima (and her mother, brother and sister) living in Nanam. Yoko and her family have to return to Japan and hide from both the Soviet military and the Koreans. Her brother, Hideyo, also tries to leave but he is separated from his family because he has to serve at an ammunition factory for six days a week. The family experiences a hard journey as they go to Seoul and to Pusan to take a ferry to Japan. In the journey, they saw many Japanese who were robbed of their property and slaughtered. Japanese women, from girls to adults, became targets of rape by some Koreans who preyed on the refugees.

When Yoko, her sister Ko, and her mother reached Fukuoka, the mother traveled to Kyoto,where she had family there. She then leaves for Aomori to seek help from their grandparents. She goes back to Yoko and her sister bringing sad news that both of their grandparents are dead. Their mother dies on the same day, leaving Yoko and Ko waiting for their brother, Hideyo. Their mother's last words were to keep their wrapping cloth, and that makes Yoko curious. Yoko later finds out that there was money in a hidden pocket in the wrapping cloth. Yoko is now in a new school, and there is an essay contest with a cash prize that Yoko enters and wins. Her old friend Corporal Matsumura seeks out Yoko, asking if she is the same girl that was put in the paper for winning a contest. Hideyo faints at the doorstep of a Korean family. Luckily for him, his life was spared and the family allow him to stay. The family sadly bids Hideyo farewell and he finally reaches Pusan where he finds a message that Yoko had left him. After sailing across to Japan, he sees scriptures of his name and Yoko and Ko's address. While asking directions from a local, he is spotted by Yoko and they are reunited.

Kawashima also wrote a sequel titled My Brother, My Sister, and I.

Controversy

When this book was published in Korea as Yoko iyagi (요코 이야기, "Yoko's tale") in 2005, the sales were brisk partly due to a sales copy that said "why was this book banned in China and Japan?", but there was not much discernable social uproar about it.{{sfnp|Lee (H. K.)|2014|p=38}}^[7]

There had even been positive reviews written about it, accepting the book as delivering an anti-war, and even anti-colonial message.^[8][9]

The situation completely changed in 2007, when it became a target of intense debate in Korea and in the United States. This development was triggered by the protests lodged by Korean-American students in the Greater Boston area in September, 2006.{{sfnp|Lee (H. K.)|2014|p=38–39}}

Boston area

The issue came to head after 2006, when 13 parents in a Greater Boston community urged the book be removed from the English curriculum of Dover-Sherborn Middle School, resulting in the convening of a schools committee which recommended a suspension of the book in November 2017.^[10] The book was later reinstated at the school, to be used in a modified curriculum.^[11]

A Boston councilman{{Efn|Sam Yoon. To him, the Dover parents who were not actually his constituents, as the {{harvp|Kiang|Tang|2009}} study noted.}} also weighed in, stating that the Korean minority were being portrayed as the "bad guys", even though Japan was the one who had occupied Korea.^[10] Given in narrative from the standpoint of the Japanese woman turned refugee at the end of World II, the book was felt as a distortion of the Korean experience under the colonial rule by Japan.{{sfnp|Kiang|Tang|2009|pp=88–89}}

The policies of the colonial rule that went unmentioned in the story included military draft and conscription of Koreans, as well as the killing and wounding of thousands of Koreans by the occupiers.^[10]

Among staunch supporters of the book and author were teachers and parents, and they maintained that the book was an effective teaching tool and spoke out against censorship.^[10] Even though vote was unanimous for suspending the book, the head of the panel acknowledged that the book could be taught in principle, if the issues could be addressed in the classroom, but they made the judgment call that the additional time made this impracticable.^[10] And the ban was later revoked,^[11] as already stated.

Other schools

Even prior to the Dover-Sherborn Middle School's decision to suspend the book, there have been other challenges tracked by The American Library Association,^[10] some of which have been successful in removing the book from the curriculum and reading lists. Rye Country Day School in New York had acted swiftly by banning the book in September, 2006.^[11]

One Catholic school and one private school, both in Massachusetts removed the book from their curricula in 2007.^[11] A teacher at the latter{{Efn|Friends Academy, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts.}} wrote an opinion on the book which appeared in The English Journal.^[12]

The school board of Montgomery County, Maryland struck the book off its recommended list in March, 2007.^[13]

Author expresses contrition

The author said that she had no intention to disregard the history of Korea and apologized for any hard feelings felt by Korean readers. She stated her intention was to portray her childhood experiences in a softer way for young readers. She denied the accusations made by the Korean newspapers.^[14][15]

Accusations of fabrication

The Korean media has characterized her book as "autobiographical fiction". It has believed there are several points of historical inaccuracies in her account. Certain "Korean historians" (unspecified) charge that some of her narrated incidents are imagined. However, the author insists she wrote her experience as she remembered it.^[14]

U. S. bombers

Watkins gives in her book an account of sighting U. S. B-29 bombers (identified as that type by Mr. Enomoto). This has been characterized as suspect, since according to historians, there were no bombing in the area in July or August 1945. To which, the author retorted that she did not go so far as to say these airplanes bombard her hometown of Nanam (Rannam).^[14]

In fact, U.S. bombers were flying missions to the general area of Korea by this time, according to Yoshio Morita's book on evacuation from Korea: "From July 12 [1945] onward, American B-29's came almost every other day and regularly around 11:AM assaulting Rajin and {{illm|Ungi|ja|雄基}} in Northeast Korea, dropping many mines into the harbor".{{Efn|Quote in Japanese:「[二十年]七月十二日以後、沖縄を基地とするアメリカのB29は、ほとんど隔日に、しかもきまって午後十一時ごろ、東北鮮の羅津、雄基に来襲し、そのつど多数の機雷を港内に投下していた。それ以前には"」}}^[16]

As for the airplane attack on the train Yoko was aboard, although she never identifies the aircraft as American, Chapter 2.{{sfnp|Watkins|1994|loc=Chapter 2}} The media cast suspicion on this passage as anachronisic, since "American military did not bomb any part of North Korea during the time frame of the story".^[29] The train was stalled by the attack 45 miles before reaching Seoul,{{sfnp|Watkins|1994|loc=Chapter 3}}

Korean communist presence

Also, when pressed, she admitted she could not identify the armed uniformed militia that her family encountered as definitively "Korean Communists",^[14] although that was the label she has given to her posing threat throughout the book.,{{sfnp|Watkins|1994|loc=Chapter 3}} She explained that this had been the assumption she had made after hearing that the areas left behind in her trail had been overrun by communists. The book, in a different context,{{Efn|In relation to the army eminent domaining some farmers' lands to expand its hospital.}} describes the mother telling Yoko that Koreans had formed what is known as an "Anti-Japanese Communist Army".{{Efn|"Anti-Japanese Communist Army" (kōnichi kyōsangun, 抗日共産軍) has been used elsewhere to designate the China's People's Liberation Army. The Japanese of course would not dignify using Communist China's official name as the people's army.}}{{sfnp|Watkins|1994|p=9}}

Harvard historian Carter Eckert had considered these points, and stated the only organized Korean "Communist Army" around this time would have been the guerillas led by Soviet-trained Kim Il Sung, who "did not arrive in Korea until early September 1945", but there might have been "local Korean communist groups" present.^[17]

Actually however, there was already a report that on August 8,{{Efn|The day Russia formally declared war on Japan}} that a Korean contingent of 80-men strong was spotted with the Soviet Army, crossing the border into To-ri (土里; Japanese:Dori).{{Efn|They group assaulted a police station in To-ri, and killed two Japanese officers.}}{{sfnp|Morita|1964|pp=28–29}} It was only a short distance by speedboat across the Tumen River for them to arrive from Russia to this town.{{sfnp|Morita|1964|pp=28–29}}{{Efn|This town was about 60 miles north of Nanam, where Yoko lived.}}

"Korean Communist soldiers" were bereft of their uniforms for Yoko, her sister, and mother to use as disguise in the book.{{Efn|The locations is several nights' walk closer to Seoul than where their train derailed.}}{{sfnp|Watkins|1994|loc=Chapter 3}} Some media coverage gave a forced reading saying this term can only have applicable meaning as soldiers of the "Korean People's Army", not established until 1948, so that Yoko was describing uniforms nonexistent at the time.^[18]

See also

• Repatriation
• Futsukaichi Rest Home

Explanatory notes

References

Bibliography

• {{Citation|ref=harv|last1=Kiang |first1=Peter |last2=Tang |first2=Shirley |title=Transnational Dimensions of Community Empowerment: The Victories of Chanrithy Uong and Sam Yoon |editor-last1=Collet |editor-last2=Lien |work=The Transnational Politics of Asian Americans|publisher=Temple University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhasTFXN3v8C&pg=PA89 |pages=88–91}}[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Kiang/publication/295305295_Transnational_dimensions_of_community_empowerment_The_victories_of_Chanrithy_Uong_and_Sam_Yoon/links/58e9305aa6fdccb4a8320ffb/Transnational-dimensions-of-community-empowerment-The-victories-of-Chanrithy-Uong-and-Sam-Yoon.pdf pdf]
• {{cite journal|ref={{SfnRef|Lee (H. K.)|2014}}|last=Lee |first=Hye Kyoung (李恵慶) |title=Tekusuto wo uragiru tekusuto: Takebayashi haruka tōku ni okeru sensō no kioku to kioku no sensō |script-title=テクストを裏切るテクスト―『sensō 』における戦争の記憶と記憶の戦争 |trans-title=Memory, Nostalgia and Nationalism: Unlocking The Textual Unconsious in Yoko Kawashima Watkins's So Far From The Bamboo Grove |journal=Asia-Pacific Review アジア太平洋レビュー |number=11 |year=2014 |url=https://www.keiho-u.ac.jp/research/asia-pacific/pdf/review_2014-04.pdf |pages=38–52}} (published by the Osaka University of Economics and Law) {{ja icon}}
• {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Morita |first=Yoshio (森田芳夫) |title=Chōsen shūsen no kiroku: Bei So ryōgun to nihonjin no hikiage |script-title=朝鮮終戦の記錄: 米ソ両軍の進駐と日本人の引揚 |publisher=Gannando|year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=ja&id=nekzAAAAMAAJ&q=%E7%BE%85%E6%B4%A5%2C%E9%9B%84%E5%9F%BA}} {{ja icon}}
• {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Watkins|first=Yoko Kawashima |title=So Far from the Bamboo Grove |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1994 |origyear=1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AFt9A9dDikC |isbn=978-0-6881-3115-9}}

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