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词条 Softball at the Summer Olympics
释义

  1. Softball, the Olympic program and Olympic recognition

     Early attempts for Olympic inclusion  Inclusion on the Olympic programme  Expulsion from the Olympic programme  Re-inclusion on the Olympic programme 

  2. Rules

  3. Format

  4. At the Games

     1996 Summer Olympics  2000 Summer Olympics  2004 Summer Olympics  2008 Summer Olympics   2020 Summer Olympics  

  5. Records

  6. Medal table

  7. Medalists

  8. Participating nations

  9. See also

  10. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}{{Infobox Olympic sport
|sport = softball
|image = Softball pictogram.svg
|size = 150
|womenevents = 1
}}

Softball at the Summer Olympics was on the Olympic programme from 1996 to 2008. Softball was removed from the programme for 2012 and 2016, but was added, along with baseball, for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Softball, the Olympic program and Olympic recognition

Early attempts for Olympic inclusion

During the 1940s, Americans and Japanese were making the first overtures to get softball included on the Olympic programme. This effort was led by the American softball association and Jiro Iwano, Vice President of the Japanese Olympic Committee and President of the Japanese Softball Association.[1]

There were efforts to get softball on the Olympic program during the 1950s.[1][3] In 1950, the Amateur Softball Association of America sent letters to national organisations asking for assistance in getting the newly created International Olympic Federation to include softball on the Olympic program. Australia received such a letter and responded by asking for additional information. Irene Burrows, the Australian association secretary, was extremely keen to support this and took active steps to try to work on this goal.[1] The Australian Softball Council made an effort in 1952 to get the sport included on the programme and thought they had a decent opportunity at doing just that because the sport had a great deal of popularity, being played in over 15 countries.[2] This effort was mirrored by the Americans with the support of other countries such as New Zealand. Efforts to improve the chances of getting softball on the 1956 programme included having New Zealand's national softball body affiliating with the American one.[3]

These efforts continued into the 1960s, with the International Softball Federation working consistently towards inclusion. They were told in 1965 a requirement of playing the sport at the Olympics as the sport must be played in at least eleven countries who can field teams to compete at the Games and the international governing body for the sport must have at least twenty-nine national federations affiliated with it. At the time, softball only had fifteen national bodies affiliated with it.[1]

Despite being eligible for inclusion on the programme by 1969, it was not because Olympic organisers determined the sport, alongside roller skating and water skiing was "too big and too expensive."[1] Efforts continued to get softball on the Olympic programme during the 1970s, with the hope of the 1984 Summer Olympics being held in the United States meaning softball could at least be a demonstration sport. This did not materialise.[1] The Barcelona Olympic Organising Committee decided to make softball and golf demonstration sports at the 1992 Summer Olympics but the IOC stepped in in 1990 because they felt its inclusion would be an "undue burden" on the organisers.[1] The 1992 Summer Olympics frustrated softball organisers because baseball was to be a medal sport at the Games as a men's only event.[1]

Inclusion on the Olympic programme

{{Quote box
|align=left
|width=25%
|quote=At the highest level they are moving away from the ideals of Olympicism. We've been a casualty of that. I'm not against golf or any other sport being at the Olympics. I think there should be a place for everyone. I just thought we'd been loyal to the Olympic movement and they should have been loyal to us.
|source=Melanie Roche, four time Olympic medalist in softball[12]
}}Softball was introduced as an Olympic sport for women only in the 1996 Summer Olympics.[4][5][6][7][8] The decision to add the sport to the 1996 Olympic programme was made in 1995.[9] The IOC had a committee called the International Olympic Committee on Women and Sports. Anita DeFranz became the committee's chair in 1992 and would be instrumental in helping get softball on the Olympic programme.[10]

Expulsion from the Olympic programme

{{Quote box
|align=right
|width=25%
|quote=It is a little bit funny seeing London splashed across the TV at the moment for us and I think a lot of the girls are only now just starting to realise that we aren't in the Olympics. It will be really different [to be away from the hype of an Olympics] but it is probably a good thing that we are focused on our world championships and not having to watch the opening ceremony and all those fun things.
|source=Stacey Porter, Australian softball player[11]}}

On 11 July 2005, the IOC voted to drop baseball and softball from the Olympic program for 2012,[12] a decision that was reaffirmed on 9 February 2006.[13] The vote to keep softball on the programme required a simple majority of the 105 eligible voters, but the vote ended up as 52–52 with one abstention.[14] It was officially decided in August 2009 at IOC Board meeting in Berlin that it will not be included in the 2016 Summer Olympics.[15] This was the first time in 69 years that sports had been removed from the Olympic programme, with polo the sport removed in 1936.[16] The selection of which sports to include on the London Programme was done via secret ballot.[16]

The decision to remove softball from the Olympics in advance of the Beijing Games created a sense of urgency for some development players to make their senior national teams by 2008 as they would not otherwise have a chance to compete at the Olympics.[16]

The removal of softball from the Olympics has had an adverse impact on the game: Australia's government gave less funding to the sport as a result of the decision. This means players are able to do less international travel and compete at the highest levels.[17]

The IOC decision to include two other sports, golf and rugby sevens, on the Olympic programme was perceived by the softball community as a likely end of their ability to get back onto the Olympic programme.[18] On 1 April 2011, the International Softball Federation and International Baseball Federation announced they were preparing a joint proposal to revive play of both sports at the 2020 Summer Olympics.[19]

Re-inclusion on the Olympic programme

On August 3, 2016, the IOC voted to include baseball and softball in the 2020 Summer Olympics, along with karate, sport climbing, surfing and skateboarding.[20]

Rules

Women's softball was the female version of baseball played at the Games since women's baseball was not included on the programme. Rule differences between Olympic softball and baseball included: 1) ball is pitched underhand. The ball must weigh between {{convert|6.25|oz}} and {{convert|7|oz}}. The pitcher's mound is the same height as the rest of the playing surface, with the infield being covered in dirt instead of grass. The distance of the outfield fence is measured from home plate at {{convert|200|ft}} and the distance between bases is {{convert|60|ft}} instead of the {{convert|90|ft}} of Olympic baseball. Games at the Olympics have seven innings compared to baseball's nine innings.[21]

Format

At the Olympics, eight teams competed being chosen to compete at the Olympics based on the following criteria: One team was the host nation. Four teams were chosen because they were the semifinalists at the most recent ISF Women's World Championship. The three remaining nations were chosen based on regional qualification tournaments.[21] The preliminary round of competition was formatted as a round robin competition, with the top four point earning teams advancing to the semifinals.[21] During this stage, the semifinal team with the best record automatically advanced to the finals.[21] "[T]he other semifinal winner plays the team that lost to the superior seminal winner. The winner of this game goes to the final."[21]

At the Games

1996 Summer Olympics

{{main|Softball at the 1996 Summer Olympics}}

The softball games were held in Columbus, Georgia (approximately 100 miles from the main Olympic Games site of Atlanta, Georgia). Countries competing at the 1996 Summer Olympics included the United States, China, Australia, Japan, Canada, Taiwan, the Netherlands and Puerto Rico.[21][38] This was the first time softball was on the Olympic programme.[22] The United States finished first, China second and Australia third.[23][24]

2000 Summer Olympics

{{main|Softball at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}

The Games were held in Sydney, Australia. Countries competing at the 2000 Summer Olympics included the United States, Japan, Australia, China, Italy, New Zealand, Cuba and Canada. The United States won the gold medal for the second time.[21]

2004 Summer Olympics

{{main|Softball at the 2004 Summer Olympics}}

The Games were held in Athens, Greece. Countries competing at the 2004 Summer Olympics included the United States, Australia, Japan, China, Canada, Taiwan, Greece and Italy.[21]

Only one hitter at the 2004 game was able to score a run off the American team's pitchers. That hitter was Stacey Porter of Australia.[25]

The United States (USA) won the gold while Australia (AUS) took silver and Japan (JPN), the bronze.

2008 Summer Olympics

{{main|Softball at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

The 2006 edition of the ISF Women's World Championship was very important as the Championships were used for Olympic qualifying, with the top four finishers going to the Olympic Games. In 2006, the fourth-place finishers automatically qualified to the Games because China was the Olympic Games based on that. Thus, there was a battle for fifth place between Canada and Italy for Olympic qualifications. In the match for fifth, Canada won 3–0 and earned their fourth consecutive trip to the Olympics.[26]

Japan won the 2008 Summer Olympics softball gold medal, with the United States taking home silver.[27]

2020 Summer Olympics

On August 12, 2018 the first team to qualify for the 2020 Olympics was The United States, by winning the 2018 World Championship. Japan automatically qualifies by being the host country. [28]

Records

The first solo no-hitter to be pitched at the Olympics was done by the American pitcher Lori Harrigan in a game against Canada at the 2000 Summer Olympics.[29]

The first side to beat the host country in softball was Australia at the 1996 Summer Olympics.[18] The USA team lost this game primarily because of a base running error in which a home run was hit but the runner failed to touch home plate during the celebration at the plate, resulting in the run not scoring and an out being called. Australia won this game by one run. However, the USA team rebounded to win the overall tournament and the gold.

The United States had a 22-game winning streak at the Olympics between 2000 and 2008, only ending their winning steak in the gold medal match against Japan.[30]

Medal table

At the inaugural appearance of the event on the Olympic programme, the United States took gold and losing one game on the way there.[31] They beat other medal favourites Australia and China.[32] The United States repeated their victory at the 2000 Games when they beat Japan 3-1 in the gold medal game[31] and again in 2004.[4] Japan won the tournament in 2008.

{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| flag_template = flagIOCteam
| event =
| team =
| gold_USA = 3 | silver_USA = 1 | bronze_USA = 0
| gold_JPN = 1 | silver_JPN = 1 | bronze_JPN = 1
| gold_AUS = 0 | silver_AUS = 1 | bronze_AUS = 3
| gold_CHN = 0 | silver_CHN = 1 | bronze_CHN = 0
}}

Medalists

1996 AtlantaUSA|1996 Summer}}CHN|1996 Summer}}AUS|1996 Summer}}
2000 SydneyUSA|2000 Summer}}JPN|2000 Summer}}AUS|2000 Summer}}
2004 AthensUSA|2004 Summer}}AUS|2004 Summer}}JPN|2004 Summer}}
2008 BeijingJPN|2008 Summer}}USA|2008 Summer}}AUS|2008 Summer}}
2012–2016 not included in the Olympic program
2020 Tokyo

Participating nations

Nation 1996 2000 2004 2008 2020 Years
{{flagIOC|AUS}}3323 4
{{flagIOC|CAN}} 5 8 5 4 4
{{flagIOC|CHN}}2 4 4 5 4
{{flagIOC|TPE}} 6 – 6 6 3
{{flagIOC|CUB}} – 7 – – 1
{{flagIOC|GRE}} – – 7 – 1
{{flagIOC|JPN}} 4 231 4
{{flagIOC|ITA}} – 5 8 – 2
{{flagIOC|NED}} 7 – – 8 2
{{flagIOC|NZL}} – 6 – – 1
{{flagIOC|PUR}} 8 – – – 1
{{flagIOC|USA}}1112 Q 5
{{flagIOC|VEN}} – – – 7 1
Total Nation 8 8 8 8 6

See also

  • Baseball at the Summer Olympics
  • List of Olympic venues in discontinued events

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|pages=152–156|chapter=The Olympics|title=Batter up! : the history of softball in Australia |first1=Lynn |last1=Embrey |author2=Australian Softball Federation |location=Bayswater, Vic. |publisher=Australian Softball federation|year=1995}}
2. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69420687 |title=Victorian softballers too strong for North Tasmania. |newspaper=The Advocate |location=Burnie, Tas. |date=4 November 1952 |accessdate=17 March 2012 |page=3 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}
3. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55806243 |title=Hopes For Softball At Games. |newspaper=The West Australian |location=Perth |date=26 May 1953 |accessdate=17 March 2012 |page=9 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}
4. ^1 {{cite book|title=Chambers sports factfinder|first=Patrick|last=White|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Chambers|year=2005|isbn= 0550101616|oclc= 58052551|pages=542–543}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=马国力|title=体育英语|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2BJTl2ERWUC&pg=PT59|accessdate=10 March 2012|year=2004|publisher=清华大学出版社|isbn=978-7-302-08926-1|pages=59–}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=Olympic world|first=Nicola|last=Chandler|location=Australia|publisher=Murray Books (Australia)|year=2007|page=166|isbn= 9780980313185|oclc= 271861863}}
7. ^ name=second-edi>{{cite book|title=The Oxford companion to Australian sport|edition=2|first1=Wray|last1=Vamplew|author2=Australian Society for Sports History|author3=Australian Sports Commission|location=Melbourne|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|isbn= 0195532872|oclc= 27509815|pages=388–389}}
8. ^{{cite book|title=Sportspeak : an encyclopedia of sport|first=W G|last=Coppell|location=Port Melbourne, Vic., Australia|publisher=Reed Reference Australia|year=1995|isbn= 1875589732|oclc= 35235752|page=479}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Paula Edelson|title=A to Z of American Women in Sports|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v7qX-cooooC&pg=PA79|accessdate=10 March 2012|year=2002|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0789-9|pages=79–}}
10. ^{{cite book|author1=Jean O'Reilly|author2=Susan K. Cahn|author3=Northeastern University (Boston, Massachusetts). Center for the Study of Sport in Society|title=Women and sports in the United States: a documentary reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bn7TdYH9yUoC&pg=PR29|accessdate=10 March 2012|date=28 February 2007|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-1-55553-671-8|page=29}}
11. ^{{cite news|page=20|title=Swapping London games for Canberra|first=Courtney|last=Rees|newspaper=Canberra Times|location=Canberra, Australia|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/sport/swapping-london-games-for-canberra-20120321-1vkeo.html}}
12. ^{{cite news|quote=Rogge has basically conspired against the sports to get them removed|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/8504326/site/21683474/print/1/displaymode/1098/|title=They'rrre out! Olympics drop baseball, softball|work=NBC Sports|date=9 July 2005|accessdate=15 August 2008|agency=Associated Press}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/09/sportsline/main1300205.shtml|title=Strike 3 for Olympic Baseball|work=CBS News|date=9 February 2006|accessdate=15 August 2008|first=Lloyd|last=de Vries}}
14. ^{{cite news|author=Ramona Shelburne |url=http://espn.go.com/espnw/commentary/7682020/softball-needs-baseball-get-back-olympic-program |title=Softball needs baseball to get back on the Olympic program — espnW |publisher=ESPN |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=18 March 2012}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sports/2009656175_apolyiocnewsports.html|title=Golf, rugby backed by IOC board for 2016 Games|last=Wilson|first=Stephen|date=13 August 2009|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=14 August 2009 | work=The Seattle Times}}
16. ^1 2 {{cite news|accessdate=13 March 2012|title=Teen on track to Beijing|newspaper=The Gold Coast Bulletin|date=19 October 2006|page=80|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:QRPB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=114DC0965B783230&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9}}
17. ^{{cite news|accessdate=12 March 2012|title=Canberra Times: Diamonds could lose chance to sparkle|newspaper=Canberra Times|location=Canberra, Australia|date=6 March 2011|publisher=Financial Times Limited — Asia Africa Intelligence Wire|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:ATMB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=135CC909D9DB8990&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite news|author=Brigid O'Connell and Rosie Squires |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/softball-cops-rough-deal-as-olympics-plumps-for-inclusion-of-golf/story-e6frep5o-1225765080675 |title=Softball cops rough deal as Olympics plumps for inclusion of golf |publisher=Herald Sun |date=2009-08-23 |accessdate=11 March 2012}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110401/ap_on_sp_ol/oly_baseball_softball_bid_1|title=Baseball, softball consider joint 2020 Olympic bid|last=|first=|date=1 April 2011|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=5 April 2011 | work=Yahoo! Sports}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020|title=IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020|last=|first=|date=2016-08-03|website=Olympic.org|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-06}}
21. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|title= The complete book of the Olympics |first1=David |last1=Wallechinsky |first2=Jaime |last2=Loucky |edition=2008 |publisher=Aurum |location=London|year=2008|isbn= 9781845133306|oclc= 191754309|pages=892–894}}
22. ^1 {{cite book|pages=372–373|title=Encyclopedia of world sport|first1=David|last1=Levinson|first2=Karen|last2=Christensen|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn= 0195127781|oclc= 39290992}}
23. ^{{cite book|page=244|title=The Olympic Games|author=Dorling Kindersley Limited.|location=St. Leonards, N.S.W.|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|year=1999|isbn= 1864660635|oclc= 57337092}}
24. ^{{cite book|page=459|title=Australian sport through time|first=Richard|last=Cashman|location=Milsons Point, N.S.W.|publisher=Random House Australia|year=2001|isbn= 1740514459|oclc= 223005022}}
25. ^{{cite news|accessdate=11 March 2012|title=Porter wins highest prize|newspaper=Mt Druitt Standard|location=Sydney, Australia|date=1 March 2006|page=47|id=MDG_T-20060301-1-047-487628|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:ACGB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1103BD1227F723E0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalsoftball.com/english/events/06_09_05_wwc.asp |title=International Softball Federation |publisher=Internationalsoftball.com |date=2006-09-05 |accessdate=20 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304214343/http://www.internationalsoftball.com/english/events/06_09_05_wwc.asp |archivedate= 4 March 2007 |df= }}
27. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/beijing/team/2008-08-21-softball-usa-japan-gold-medal_N.htm?csp=34|title=Even in defeat, U.S. proves point about softball's parity|date=21 August 2008|first=Mike|last=Dodd|newspaper=USA Today}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/baseball-and-softball-on-the-road-to-tokyo-2020 |title= Baseball and Softball on the Road to Tokyo 2020| date= 12 October 2018}}
29. ^{{cite book|author=Ernestine G. Miller|title=Making her mark: firsts and milestones in women's sports|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1nPKuOF5KUC&pg=PA273|accessdate=10 March 2012|date=29 May 2002|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-139053-8|pages=273–}}
30. ^{{cite news|author=AFP |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/japan-stuns-us-to-win-softball-gold/story-e6freyt0-1111117266568 |title=Japan stuns US to win softball gold in Beijing Olympics |publisher=Herald Sun |date=2008-08-21 |accessdate=11 March 2012}}
31. ^1 {{cite book|author=Paula Edelson|title=A to Z of American Women in Sports|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v7qX-cooooC&pg=PA79|accessdate=10 March 2012|year=2002|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0789-9|pages=79–80}}
32. ^{{cite book|author=Marlene Targ Brill|title=America in the 1990s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNXeIFQScocC&pg=PT121|accessdate=10 March 2012|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-7603-7|pages=121–125}}
{{Softball at the Summer Olympics}}{{Sports at the Olympics}}{{International softball}}

4 : Softball at the Summer Olympics|Softball competitions|Sports at the Summer Olympics|Softball at multi-sport events
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