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词条 Sohag
释义

  1. History

  2. Geography

  3. Economy

  4. Demographics

      Religion  

  5. Historical sites

      Mosques    Churches    Monasteries   White Monastery  Red Monastery   Temples and cemeteries  

  6. Subdivisions

  7. Climate

  8. Culture

      Language    Museums    Bazaars  

  9. Transport

  10. Education

      University  

  11. Sports

  12. Notable people

  13. Nearby attractions

  14. Photo gallery

  15. See also

  16. References

  17. External links

{{for|the village in Iran|Sohag, Iran}}{{refimprove|date=October 2018}}{{Infobox settlement
|name = Sohag
|other_name =
|native_name = سوهاج
|nickname = Bride of the Nile
|settlement_type = City
|motto =
|image_skyline = Sohag Multi.jpg
|flag_size =
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|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Egypt
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize = 300
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Egypt
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Egypt}}
|subdivision_type1 = Governorate
|subdivision_name1 = Sohag
|subdivision_type2 = Markaz
|subdivision_name2 = Sohag Markaz
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = Governor
|leader_name = Dr/Aymen Abdelmonem
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 68
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2012
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 201339
|population_rank = 20th in Egypt
|population_density_km2 = 3079.69
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro = 600000
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_demonym = Sohagi / Sohagy
|population_blank1 =
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|timezone = EET
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|coordinates = {{coord|26|33|N|31|42|E|region:EG|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 61
|elevation_ft = 200
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 82749[2]
|area_code_type = Area code
|area_code = +20 (Egypt) 93 (City)[3]
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank1_name =
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|website = www.sohag.gov.eg/ {{ar icon}}
|footnotes =
}}{{Contains Arabic text}}Sohag ({{Lang-ar|سوهاج}}, Saidi pronunciation: {{IPA-arz|suːˈhaːdʒ||En-us-Sohag.ogg}} {{transl|aec|Sūhāǧ}}, {{IPA-arz|soˈhæːɡ}} {{transl|arz|Sohāg}}), also known as Sawhāj, Suhag and Suhaj,[4] is a city on the west bank of the Nile in Egypt. It has been the capital of Sohag Governorate since 1960, before which the capital was Girga and the name of the governorate was Girga Governorate. It also included Esna Governorate (nowadays Qena Governorate).[5]

History

{{multiple issues|section=yes|{{Expand section|date=September 2010}}{{Unreferenced section|date = May 2012}}
}}

Until the 19th century there was only a village in the area. In 1960, the capital of the Governorate of Girga was transferred from the city of Girga to Sohag and the governorate was renamed accordingly. It is unclear how long this site has been inhabited. There are several mummies that date back to Roman times in the village. In Coptic times a community of monks lived at the White Monastery in the area.

Geography

Sohag lies on a fertile agricultural plain on the western bank of the Nile,[6] approximately {{convert|6|km|abbr=off}} southwest of Akhmim. The city includes two islands; Karaman-ez-Zahur Island is larger and uninhabited, and ez-Zahur Island (جزيرة الزهور, Ǧazīrat az-Zuhur, "Flower Island") has some homes.

Economy

The city Sohag of itself encloses only a few archaeological sites, hence tourism represents but a small portion of the city's income. Other sources of income include trade, small industries of carpets, furniture, spinning and weaving and sugar. Administrative and educational services are two big sectors of income.

Demographics

192819761986199620062012
20,760[7]101,758132,965170,125189,695201,339
Starting in 1976: Population of Sohag City[8]

Religion

{{more citations needed|date=December 2013}}

Islam and Christianity are the main religions in Sohag; about 75% of the population are Muslim.{{citation needed|date = July 2018}}.

Historical sites

Mosques

  • Sidi Arif Mosque (Arabic: مسجد العارف بالله, Masjid al-ʿArif bi-Allah). The mosque is located in the south of the city. The el-ʿArif Mosque was built in the 14th century—the 8th century of the Islamic calendar. The present building was constructed around 1995. At the corners of the façade are two minarets and the roof is crowned by a dome. Inside the five-nave mosque the bases of the piers and the walls were lined with red granite. The ceiling is painted ornamentally; in its middle is an elongated light dome. The southeastern half is lit by chandeliers. At the end are the prayer niche (mihrab) with simple ornaments and to the right of it the wooden pulpit (minbar).
  • El-Farshuti Mosque (Arabic: جامع الفرشوطي, Jāmʿi al-Farschūṭī), also named el-'Atiq Mosque (the old mosque) is located approximately {{convert|350|m|abbr=off}} southwest of the Sidi Arif Mosque. The most striking feature of the mosque is its {{convert|53|m|ft|adj=mid|lk=out|abbr=off|-high}} minaret in the southeast corner. The minaret has galleries with balustrades on four floors. The mosque is a modern, bright building. The mosque is divided into five naves by columns and pillars. It has a central light dome, which is inscribed at the bottom with a sura from the Qur'an. The bases of the walls are painted yellow and white with green bands. A very colorful prayer niche next to the wooden pulpit is located at the southeastern side.

In the masonry on the eastern, southern and western sides are stones engraved with historical inscriptions moved from previous buildings, including a decree of the penultimate Mamluk sultan al-Ghawri (1441–1516) from the year 1506 (911 AH) on the southeastern side.

Churches

{{more citations needed|date=December 2013}}

Sohag has two important churches that were erected in the 20th century: the Church of the Holy Virgin and the Church of Saint George.

  • The Church of the Holy Virgin (Arabic: كنيسة السيدة العذراء, Kanīsat as-Saiyida al-ʿAdraʾ). The church is located in the north of the bazaar (souq Qaiṣarīya). It consists of five naves. There are three sanctuaries for Saint George (left), the Holy Virgin and the Archangel Michael at the ends of the middle three naves. All sanctuaries are completely screened by a wooden iconostasis. On both sides of the entrances to the sanctuaries are wooden icons of the Holy Virgin and Jesus. The Lord's Last Supper and the crosses are located above the iconstasis. The presentation in the central nave is framed by a fish and a pigeon; the other ones are framed by angels and a dove. Galleries are located above the aisles and the entrance. On the walls are paintings of saints and scenes from the life of Jesus.
  • Church of St. George is the cathedral of the diocese of Sohag (Arabic: كنيسة مار جرجس, Kanīsat Mar Girgis). The church is located {{convert|300|m|abbr=off}} north of the Opera (Midan Obira) or Culture Square (Midan eth-Thaqafa).
  • Church of the Archangel Michael (Arabic: كنيسة الملاك ميخائيل). The church is located in Railway Station Street (El-Mahatta Street) on the eastern side of the railway tracks.

Monasteries

White Monastery

{{Main|White Monastery}}The Coptic White Monastery is a Coptic Orthodox monastery named after Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite. It is located about {{convert|5|km|abbr=off}} west of Sohag. The monastery's name is derived from the color of the white limestone in its outside walls. The surviving building is the church of what was once a much larger monastery complex.[9]

Red Monastery

{{Main|Red Monastery}}

The Red Monastery is a Coptic Orthodox monastery named after an Egyptian saint called Pishay. It is located about {{convert|5|km|abbr=off}} north of the White Monastery. The monastery's name is derived from the color of the construction material of its outside walls, consisting of red (burnt) brick. The walls are considerably thicker at the base than at the top and, like the walls of Ancient Egyptian temples, they are surmounted by cavetto moldings. The Red Monastery is architecturally similar to the White Monastery.[9]

Temples and cemeteries

Sohag is the site of a temple built for the goddess Repyt (Triphis) by Ptolemy XV Caesarion and subsequent Roman emperors. South of this temple was an earlier temple of Ptolemy IX Soter II. One of the nearby tombs of the brothers Ibpemeny "the younger" and Pemehyt of the late second century BC, has two zodiacs on its ceiling.[10]

Subdivisions

Sohag is informally divided into the East District (Arabic: حى شرق) and the West District (Arabic: حي غرب). Among the most notable regions of the West District are:

  • Sidi Aref
  • Al Shahid (Arabic for the Martyr)
  • Gharb Al-Koubry ("West of the Bridge" neighborhood)

The East District is considered a more upscale district; it includes some of the most affluent neighborhoods of the city including 15th Street, Al Kashef Street, Jumhuriya Street, The Courts Compound, and The Technical and Agricultural Schools. Some of the most notable locales of the East District include:

  • The Courts Compound of Sohag
  • City Hall of Sohag
  • Sohag University
  • Sohag Teaching Hospital, one of the biggest hospitals of the region
  • Multiple governmental directorates
  • Many recreational areas including The Sohag Stadium and many parks including Al Zohour, an revitalized island park located in the middle of the Nile.
  • Nasr City, the first satellite city to be built in the East District. It was established during the presidentship of Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Climate

{{main|Climate of Egypt}}

The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies Sohag's climate as hot desert (BWh). Luxor, Minya, Sohag, Qena and Asyut have the widest difference of temperatures between days and nights of any city in Egypt, with almost {{convert|16|C-change}} difference. Sohag is one of the warmest places in Egypt due to its location on the eastern side of Sahara in North Africa. Sohag is ranked the 5th driest place in Egypt and the 9th globally. Also ranked 4th warmest place in Egypt and 296th globally.

{{Weather box
|location = Sohag
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 30.8
|Feb record high C = 37.5
|Mar record high C = 42.2
|Apr record high C = 43.9
|May record high C = 47.4
|Jun record high C = 47.9
|Jul record high C = 47.0
|Aug record high C = 43.4
|Sep record high C = 44.4
|Oct record high C = 43.1
|Nov record high C = 37.0
|Dec record high C = 33.3
|Jan high C = 22.0
|Feb high C = 23.8
|Mar high C = 27.5
|Apr high C = 33.6
|May high C = 37.7
|Jun high C = 39.6
|Jul high C = 38.8
|Aug high C = 37.8
|Sep high C = 36.0
|Oct high C = 33.7
|Nov high C = 28.2
|Dec high C = 23.5
|year high C = 31.9
|Jan mean C = 13.9
|Feb mean C = 15.6
|Mar mean C = 18.9
|Apr mean C = 24.5
|May mean C = 29.1
|Jun mean C = 30.7
|Jul mean C = 31.0
|Aug mean C = 29.9
|Sep mean C = 27.9
|Oct mean C = 25.1
|Nov mean C = 19.8
|Dec mean C = 15.4
|year mean C = 23.5
|Jan low C = 7.3
|Feb low C = 8.8
|Mar low C = 11.8
|Apr low C = 16.6
|May low C = 21.1
|Jun low C = 23.1
|Jul low C = 24.1
|Aug low C = 23.1
|Sep low C = 20.6
|Oct low C = 17.8
|Nov low C = 13.0
|Dec low C = 9.2
|year low C = 16.4
|Jan record low C = 0.4
|Feb record low C = 2.6
|Mar record low C = 3.3
|Apr record low C = 7.7
|May record low C = 11.5
|Jun record low C = 15.7
|Jul record low C = 17.6
|Aug record low C = 18.0
|Sep record low C = 15.9
|Oct record low C = 11.4
|Nov record low C = 4.8
|Dec record low C = 2.6
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm = 0
|Feb precipitation mm = 1
|Mar precipitation mm = 0
|Apr precipitation mm = 0
|May precipitation mm = 0
|Jun precipitation mm = 0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0
|Oct precipitation mm = 0
|Nov precipitation mm = 0
|Dec precipitation mm = 0
|unit precipitation days =
|Jan precipitation days = 0.1
|Feb precipitation days = 0.1
|Mar precipitation days = 0.2
|Apr precipitation days = 0.1
|May precipitation days = 0
|Jun precipitation days = 0
|Jul precipitation days = 0
|Aug precipitation days = 0
|Sep precipitation days = 0
|Oct precipitation days = 0
|Nov precipitation days = 0
|Dec precipitation days = 0.2
|year precipitation days = 0.7
|Jan humidity = 57
|Feb humidity = 50
|Mar humidity = 44
|Apr humidity = 36
|May humidity = 30
|Jun humidity = 31
|Jul humidity = 37
|Aug humidity = 43
|Sep humidity = 45
|Oct humidity = 44
|Nov humidity = 51
|Dec humidity = 56
|year humidity = 43.7
|source 1 = NOAA[11]
|source 2 = Climate Charts[12]
}}

Culture

{{Expand section|date=September 2010}}

Language

A version of the dialect continuum of Saidi Arabic is spoken by the people of Sohag. Most urbanized people, however, may speak to varying degrees Egyptian Arabic.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

Museums

The Sohag Museum contains about 5,000 artifacts gathered from around the Sohag governorate, including items stretching from the Middle Kingdom to Greco-Roman times.[6][13]

Bazaars

Souq el-Qisareya: The bazaar in Sohag is named suq Qaiṣarīya and is partly covered.

Souq el-Itnein is a weekly market held every Monday morning; vegetables, fruits, animals and traditional hand made objects (like baskets, farming axes and bags) are sold there. The weekly market is believed to have originated during the Ancient Egyptian era. The souq is now in the south of the city and is held in the streets and beside the city cemetery.[6]

Transport

Sohag is linked to Giza and northern cities by the road of Asyut Western Desert, Eastern Desert Road and Rural Road, which also connects it to the railways.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

In February 2010, a highway linking Sohag to the Red Sea city Hurghada was opened to ease movement between Upper Egypt and the Red Sea coastal region.{{cn|date=October 2018}} In May 2010, the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak inaugurated Sohag International Airport.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

City Distance (km)
Alexandria692
Port Said691
Ismaïlia616
Suez605
Cairo471
Aswan428
Luxor205
Asyut98

Education

Educational establishments in Sohag include:

Primary schools:

  • Al-Nasr school
  • Huda Sharawi school
  • Mulhaqat Al-Mu'allemat school

Middle schools:

  • Ahmad Deifalla school
  • Nabawi Muhandis school
  • Ali Osman Baltak school
  • Tarik Ibn Ziad school

High schools:

  • Sohag Military school
  • Abdelmunim Riad school
  • Asmaa Bint Abi Bakr school
  • Hag Hadad school

University

Sohag University is a public university with more than 40,000 students[14] located on the eastern side of the city. It was established under the banner of South Valley University but became independent in 2006. There are currently ten colleges in Sohag University.

Sports

The most popular sport in Sohag is Association football.{{citation needed|date = November 2012}} Sohag has many football clubs, including the Egyptian Premier League (EPL) team Sohag FC. In addition, EPL club has El Gouna FC used Sohag stadium as a home ground at times.{{citation needed|date = November 2012}}

Notable people

Notable people who originate from or live in Sohag include:

  • Narmer, The first pharaoh of unified Egypt and the founder of the Early Dynastic Period (c. 32nd century BC).
  • Sheikh Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi, one of the most renowned Qur'anic reciters of all the Islamic world.
  • Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, Former Imam of Al-Azhar.
  • Rifa'a el-Tahtawi, writer, teacher, translator, Egyptologist, renaissance intellectual and founder of Madrasat al-Alsun (Tongues School).
  • Mustafa al-Maraghi, reformer and rector of Al-Azhar Mosque.
  • Mohammed Aboul-Fotouh Hassab, gastro-intestinal surgeon.
  • Gamal El-Ghitani, author of historical novels and cultural and political commentaries.
  • Atef El-Tayeb, film director.
  • George Sidhom, film actor.
  • Emad Hamdy, Film actor.
  • Baligh Hamdi, composer who created hit songs for many prominent Arabic singers.
  • Dhul-Nun al-Misri, Sufi saint considered the Patron Saint of the Physicians in the early Islamic era of Egypt .
  • Jaber Abu Hussein, narrator of the Taghribat Bani Hilal.
  • Omar Taher, writer and poet.
  • Youssef Ziedan, scholar in Arabic and Islamic Studies.

Nearby attractions

  • Abydos is one of the most ancient cities of Upper Egypt, and also of the eighth Upper Nome, of which it was the capital city. It is considered one of the most important archaeological sites of Ancient Egypt.{{cn|date=October 2018}} The sacred city of Abydos was the site of many ancient temples, including a Umm el-Qa'ab, a royal necropolis where early pharaohs were entombed.{{cn|date=October 2018}}
  • Akhmim has several mosques and two Coptic churches. It maintains a weekly market and manufactures cotton goods.
  • El-Hawawish is the ancient necropolis (cemetery) for Akhmim.
  • El-Salamuni comprises a rock-cut chapel dedicated to the god Min.
  • The Meritamen statue in eastern Akhmim.
  • Outside Beit Khallaf are two large brick mastabas from the Third Dynasty.
  • The city Athribis is the site of a temple built for the goddess Repyt (Triphis) by Ptolemy XV Caesarion and subsequent Roman Emperors.

Photo gallery

See also

  • List of cities and towns in Egypt
{{Portal|Egypt|Africa}}
  • Upper Egypt
  • Sa'idi people
  • Sa'idi Arabic

References

1. ^
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.egypt-cairo.com/egypt_postal_code.html#|title=Egypt Postal Code|website=Egypt-cairo.com|accessdate=15 October 2017}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prozzone.com/phone/Egypt/Sohag.htm|title=Sohag, EGYPT :: city code, std code, dial code, country code, long distance|first=|last=Prozzone|website=www.prozzone.com|accessdate=15 October 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=419601169&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121216142816/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=419601169&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=|deadurl=yes|title=World Gazetteer: Sohag - profile of geographical entity including nam…|date=16 December 2012|archivedate=16 December 2012|publisher=|accessdate=15 October 2017}}
5. ^{{Cite book|last=Law |first=Gwillim |title=Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lmOAAAAMAAJ&q=Girga |format=snippet view |accessdate=2010-08-07 |year=1999 |publisher=McFarland |location=Jefferson, NC |isbn=978-0-7864-0729-3 |page=114}}
6. ^1 2 {{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=Dan|title=The Rough Guide to Egypt|year=2003|isbn=1-84353-050-3|pages=322–323|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uL86PAq-eHMC&lpg=PA322&dq=sohag&pg=PA322#v=onepage&q=sohag&f=false}}
7. ^Baedeker, Karl ; Steindorff, Georg : Ägypten und der Sûdan : Handbuch für Reisende, Leipzig: Baedeker, 1928, 8. ed., p. 221.
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-69&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=419601169 |title=World Gazetteer: Sohag |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121216142816/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-69&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=419601169 |archivedate=16 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
9. ^1 {{Cite book|last=Haag|first=Michael|title=Egypt|year=2004|publisher=New Holland Publishers|pages = 222–226|isbn=1-86011-163-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgXqbGauz0kC&lpg=PA223&dq=sohag&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q=sohag&f=false}}
10. ^Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, ({{ISBN|0-691-03169-X}}), p. 77.
11. ^{{cite web|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/UB/62397.TXT|title = Sohag Climate Normals 1961–1990|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate = January 17, 2016}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/u/UB62397.php |title =Sohag, Egypt: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data|accessdate =9 July 2013|publisher =Climate Charts}}
13. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.sca-egypt.org/eng/MUS_Sohag.htm | title=The Sohag Museum | publisher=Supreme Council of Antiquities - Museums | accessdate=December 14, 2016}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sohag-univ.edu.eg/|title=جامعة سوهاج|website=Sohag-univ.edu.eg|accessdate=15 October 2017}}

External links

{{Commons category|Sohag}}
  • {{de icon}} Sohag on Wikivoyage
  • Sohag on Travel grove
  • Sohag photo album
{{Geographic location
|Northwest = New Valley
|North = Maraghah
|Northeast = Akhmim
|West = New Valley
|Centre = Sohag
|East = Akhmim
|Southwest = New Valley
|South = Munshah
|Southeast = Munshah}}{{Egyptian Cities}}{{Governorates capital of Egypt}}{{Sa'id / Upper Egypt Main Cities}}{{Sohag Governorate Markazes}}{{Authority control}}

5 : Sohag|Cities in Egypt|Former populated places in Egypt|Governorate capitals in Egypt|Populated places in Sohag Governorate
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