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词条 Solar Impulse
释义

  1. Project development and funding

     Timeline 

  2. Solar Impulse 1 (HB-SIA)

     Specifications  Operational history   Maiden flight and other early flights   First overnight flight  International and intranational flights  Belgium and France (2011)  First intercontinental flight (2012)  United States (2013)   Aircraft on display  

  3. Solar Impulse 2 (HB-SIB)

     Construction history  Design  Specifications  Operational history  2015–16 circumnavigation of the Earth  Detailed route 

  4. Honours

  5. Future projects

      World Alliance for Clean Technologies    Future unmanned solar aircraft project  

  6. See also

  7. Notes and references

  8. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
name = Solar Impulseimage = SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpgcaption = Solar Impulse 1 landing at Brussels Airport after its first international flight on 13 May 2011.
}}{{Infobox aircraft type		type = Experimental solar-powered aircraftnational origin = Switzerlandmanufacturer = Solar Impulsedesigner =first flight = 3 December 2009produced = 2009–presentnumber built = 2 (including prototype)program cost = $170 million[1]primary user = André Borschberg and Bertrand Piccard
}}
Solar Impulse is a Swiss long-range experimental solar-powered aircraft project, and also the name of the project's two operational aircraft.[2] The privately financed project is led by Swiss engineer and businessman André Borschberg and Swiss psychiatrist and balloonist Bertrand Piccard, who co-piloted Breitling Orbiter 3, the first balloon to circle the world non-stop.[3] The Solar Impulse project's goals were to make the first circumnavigation of the Earth by a piloted fixed-wing aircraft using only solar power and to bring attention to clean technologies.[4]

The aircraft is a single-seated monoplane powered by photovoltaic cells; it is capable of taking off under its own power. The prototype, often referred to as Solar Impulse 1, was designed to remain airborne up to 36 hours.[5] It conducted its first test flight in December 2009. In July 2010, it flew an entire diurnal solar cycle, including nearly nine hours of night flying, in a 26-hour flight.[6] Piccard and Borschberg completed successful solar-powered flights from Switzerland to Spain and then Morocco in 2012,[7] and conducted a multi-stage flight across the US in 2013.[8][7]

A second aircraft, completed in 2014 and named Solar Impulse 2, carries more solar cells and more powerful motors, among other improvements. On 9 March 2015, Piccard and Borschberg began to circumnavigate the globe with Solar Impulse 2, departing from Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates.[8] The aircraft was scheduled to return to Abu Dhabi in August 2015 after a multi-stage journey around the world.[9] By June 2015, the plane had traversed Asia,[12] and in July 2015, it completed the longest leg of its journey, from Japan to Hawaii.[13] During that leg, the aircraft's batteries sustained thermal damage that took months to repair.[14] Solar Impulse 2 resumed the circumnavigation in April 2016, when it flew to California.[10][11] It continued across the US until it reached New York City in June 2016.[17] Later that month, the aircraft crossed the Atlantic Ocean to Spain.[12] It stopped in Egypt[13] before returning to Abu Dhabi on 26 July 2016, more than 16 months after it had left, completing the approximately 42,000-kilometre (26,000-mile) first circumnavigation of the Earth by a piloted fixed-wing aircraft using only solar power.[14]

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Project development and funding

Bertrand Piccard initiated the Solar Impulse project in November 2003 after undertaking a feasibility study in partnership with the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.[15] As a mechanical engineer, co-founder André Borschberg directed the construction of each aircraft and oversees the preparation of the flight missions.[16] By 2009, they had assembled a multi-disciplinary team of 50 engineers and technical specialists from six countries, assisted by about 100 outside advisers and 80 technological partners.[17][24]

The project is financed by a number of private companies and individuals, as well as receiving around CHF 6 million (US$6.4 million) in funding from the Swiss government.[18] The project's private financial backers include Omega SA, Solvay, Schindler, ABB[19] and Peter Diamandis.[20] The EPFL, the European Space Agency and Dassault have provided technical expertise, while SunPower provided the aircraft's photovoltaic cells.[21][22]

Piccard stated that the entire project from its beginnings in 2003 until mid-2015 had cost €150 million.[23] It raised another €20 million in late 2015 to continue the round-the-world flight.[24]

Timeline

  • 2003: Feasibility study at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
  • 2004–2005: Development of the concept
  • 2006: Simulation of long-haul flights
  • 2006–09: Construction of first prototype (HB-SIA; Solar Impulse 1)
  • 2009: First flight of Solar Impulse 1
  • 2009–11: Manned test flights[25]
  • 2011–12: Further test flights through Europe and North Africa
  • 2011–13: Construction of second prototype (HB-SIB; Solar Impulse 2)
  • 2013: Continental flight across the US by Solar Impulse 1[2][26][7]
  • 2014: First flight of Solar Impulse 2
  • 2015–2016: Circumnavigation of the Earth by Solar Impulse 2, conducted in seventeen stages over 16-1/2 months[14]

Solar Impulse 1 (HB-SIA)

The first Solar Impulse aircraft, registered as HB-SIA, was primarily designed as a demonstration aircraft. It has a non-pressurized cockpit and a single wing with a wingspan similar to that of the Airbus A340 airliner. Under the wing are four nacelles, each with a set of lithium polymer batteries, a {{convert|10|hp|kW|1|abbr=on}} electric motor and one twin-bladed propeller. To keep the wing as light as possible, a customised carbon fibre honeycomb sandwich structure was used.[37] 11,628 photovoltaic cells on the upper wing surface and the horizontal stabilizer generate electricity during the day to power the electric motors and to charge the batteries allowing flight at night, theoretically enabling the single-seat plane to stay in the air indefinitely.[27][28]

The aircraft's major design constraint is the capacity of the lithium polymer batteries. Over an optimum 24-hour cycle, the motors can deliver a combined average of about {{convert|8|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, roughly the power used by the Wright brothers' Flyer, the first successful powered aircraft, in 1903.[37] In addition to the charge stored in its batteries, the aircraft uses the potential energy of height gained during the day to power its night flights.[29]

Specifications

{{Aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=Solar Impulse Project[30] and Diaz[31]
|crew=1
|length main=21.85 m
|length alt=71.7 ft
|span main=63.4 m
|span alt=208 ft
|height main=6.40 m
|height alt=21.0 ft
|area main=11,628 photovoltaic cells rated at 45 kW peak: {{Nowrap|200 m2}}
|area alt=2,200 sq ft
|airfoil=
|aspect ratio=19.7
|empty weight main=
|empty weight alt=
|loaded weight main= 1,600 kg
|loaded weight alt= 3,500 lb
|useful load main=
|useful load alt=
|max takeoff weight main= 2,000 kg
|max takeoff weight alt= 4,400 lb
|more general=Take-off speed: {{convert|35|km/h}}
|engine (prop)=electric motors
|type of prop=
|number of props=4
|power main= 4 x 21 kWh lithium-ion batteries ({{convert|450|kg|abbr=on}}), providing 7.5 kW
|power alt= 10 HP
|propeller or rotor?=propellor
|propellers=
|number of propellers per engine=1
|propeller diameter main=3.5 m at 200 to 400 rpm
|propeller diameter alt=11 ft
|max speed main=
|max speed alt=
|cruise speed main= {{convert|70|km/h}}
|cruise speed alt=
|stall speed main=
|stall speed alt=
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|endurance= approximately 36 hours
|ceiling main= 8,500 m
|ceiling alt= 27,900 ft
|ceiling more= with a maximum altitude of {{convert|12000|m}}
|climb rate main=
|climb rate alt=
|loading main=
|loading alt=
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main=
|power/mass alt=
|more performance=
}}

Operational history

Maiden flight and other early flights

On 26 June 2009, Solar Impulse 1 was first presented to the public at the Dübendorf Air Base, Switzerland. Following taxi testing, a short-hop test flight was made on 3 December 2009,[32] piloted by Markus Scherdel.[33] Borschberg, co-leader of the project team, said of the flight:

{{blockquote|"It was an unbelievable day. The airplane flew for about {{convert|350|m}} and about {{convert|1|m}} above the ground ... The aim was not to get high but to land on the same runway at a speed to test its controllability and get a first feeling of its flying characteristics ... the craft behaved just as the engineers had hoped. It is the end of the engineering phase and the start of the flight testing phase."[33]}}

On 7 April 2010, the plane conducted an 87-minute test flight, piloted by Markus Scherdel. This flight reached an altitude of {{convert|1200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.[34][35] On 28 May 2010, the aircraft made its first flight powered entirely by solar energy, charging its batteries in flight.[36]

First overnight flight

On 8 July 2010, Solar Impulse 1 achieved the world's first manned 26-hour solar-powered flight.[37][38][39] The airplane was flown by Borschberg, and took off at {{Nowrap|6:51 a.m.}} Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) on 7 July from Payerne Air Base, Switzerland. It returned for a landing the following morning at {{Nowrap|9:00 a.m.}} local time.[40] During the flight, the plane reached a maximum altitude of {{convert|8700|m|abbr=on}}.[41] At the time, the flight was the longest and highest ever flown by a manned solar-powered aircraft; these records were officially recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) in October 2010.[42][43]

International and intranational flights

Belgium and France (2011)

On 13 May 2011 at 21:30 local time, the plane landed at Brussels Airport, after completing a 13-hour flight from its home base in Switzerland. It was the first international flight by the Solar Impulse, which flew at an average altitude of {{convert|6000|ft|m|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} for a distance of {{convert|630|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, with an average speed of {{convert|50|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}. The aircraft's slow cruising speed required operating at a mid-altitude, allowing much faster air traffic to be routed around it.[44] The aircraft was piloted by Borschberg. The project's other co-founder, Piccard, said in an interview after the landing: "Our goal is to create a revolution in the minds of people...to promote solar energies – not necessarily a revolution in aviation."[45][46]

A second international flight to the Paris Air Show was attempted on 12 June 2011, but the plane turned back and returned to Brussels because of adverse weather conditions.[47] In a second attempt on 14 June, Borschberg successfully landed the aircraft at Paris' Le Bourget Airport after a 16-hour flight.[48]

First intercontinental flight (2012)

On 5 June 2012, the Solar Impulse successfully completed its first intercontinental flight, a 19-hour trip from Madrid, Spain, to Rabat, Morocco.[49] During the first leg of the flight from Payerne Air Base to Madrid, the aircraft broke several further records for solar flight, including the longest solar-powered flight between pre-declared waypoints ({{convert|1099.3|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}) and along a course ({{convert|1116|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}).[50]

United States (2013)

On 3 May 2013, the plane began its cross-US flight with a journey from Moffett Field in Mountain View, California, to Phoenix Goodyear Airport in Arizona. Successive legs of the flight ended at Dallas-Fort Worth airport, Lambert–St. Louis International Airport,[51] Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport to change pilots and avoid strong winds,[52] and Washington Dulles International Airport.[53] On 6 July 2013, following a lengthy layover in Washington, Solar Impulse completed its cross-country journey, landing at New York City's JFK International Airport at 11:09 p.m. EDT.[7][54] The landing occurred three hours earlier than originally intended, because a planned flyby of the Statue of Liberty was cancelled as a result of damage to the covering on the left wing.[7]

Each flight leg took between 14 and 22 hours.[26][55] The aircraft's second leg of its trip on 23 May to Dallas-Fort Worth covered {{convert|1541|km|mi}} and set several new world distance records in solar aviation.[56] Solar Impulse 1 was placed on public display at JFK after its landing. In August 2013, it was disassembled, then transported via a Cargolux B-747-400F to Dübendorf Air Base, where it was placed in storage in a hangar.

Detailed route
Source:[57]
Leg Start[58] Stop Origin Destination Distance Flight time Avg. speed Pilot
1  3 May 14:12  4 May 08:30 Moffett Field, California (KNUQ) Phoenix, Arizona (KGYR)984 km18 hrs 18 mins53 km/h Bertrand Piccard
2 22 May 12:47 23 May 07:08 Phoenix, Arizona (KGYR) Dallas, Texas (KDFW)1541 km18 hrs 21 mins84 km/h André Borschberg
3  3 Jun 10:06  4 Jun 07:28 Dallas, Texas (KDFW) Saint Louis, Missouri (KSTL)1040 km21 hrs 22 mins49 km/h Bertrand Piccard
4 14 Jun 11:01 15 Jun 02:15 Saint Louis, Missouri (KSTL) Cincinnati, Ohio (KLUK)15 hrs 14 mins André Borschberg
5 15 Jun 15:10 16 Jun 05:15 Cincinnati, Ohio (KLUK) Washington, DC (KIAD)14 hrs 5 mins Bertrand Piccard
6  6 July 09:56  7 July 05:15 Washington, DC (KIAD) New York City, New York (KJFK)19 hrs 19 mins André Borschberg

Aircraft on display

In March 2015, the plane was transported by truck to Paris to be part of the permanent exhibition at Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie [59]

Solar Impulse 2 (HB-SIB)

Construction history

Construction started in 2011 on the second aircraft, known as Solar Impulse 2, which carries the Swiss registration HB-SIB. Completion was initially planned for 2013, with a 25-day circumnavigation of the globe planned for 2014. A structural failure occurred on the aircraft's main spar during static tests in July 2012, leading to delays in the flight testing schedule to allow repairs. Solar Impulse 2s first flight took place at Payerne Air Base on 2 June 2014.[60]

Design

The wingspan of Solar Impulse 2 is {{convert|71.9|m|ft|abbr=on}}, slightly less than that of an Airbus A380, the world's largest passenger airliner,[31] but compared with the 500-ton A380,[61] the carbon-fibre Solar Impulse weighs only about {{convert|2.3|t|lb}}, little more than an average SUV.[62] It features a non-pressurized cockpit {{Convert|3.8|m3|}} in size[63] and advanced avionics, including an autopilot to allow for multi-day transcontinental and trans-oceanic flights.[17] Supplemental oxygen and various other environmental support systems allow the pilot to cruise up to an altitude of {{convert|12000|m}}.[31]

Specifications

{{Aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=Solar Impulse Project [64]
|crew=1
|length main=22.4 m
|length alt= 73.5 ft
|span main=71.9 m
|span alt=236 ft
|height main=6.37 m
|height alt= 20.9 ft
|area main=17,248 photovoltaic solar cells cover the top of the wings, fuselage and tailplane for a total area of {{convert|269.5|m2|abbr=on}}
|area alt= rated at 66 kW peak
|airfoil=
|aspect ratio=
|empty weight main=
|empty weight alt=
|loaded mass main= 2,300 kg
|loaded mass alt= 5,100 lb
|useful load main=
|useful load alt=
|max takeoff weight main=
|max takeoff weight alt=
|more general=Take-off speed: 36 km/h (22.4 mph)
|engine (prop)= electric motors
|type of prop=
|number of props=4
|power main=4 x 41 kWh lithium-ion batteries ({{convert|633|kg|abbr=on}}), providing 13 kW [25]
|power alt= 17.4 hp
|propeller or rotor?= propeller
|propellers=
|number of propellers per engine=1
|propeller diameter main= 4 m
|propeller diameter alt= 13.1 ft
|max speed main= 140 km/h
|max speed alt= 87 mph
|cruise speed main= 90 km/h
|cruise speed alt= 56 mph
|cruise speed more= 60 km/h (37 mph) at night to save power
|stall speed main=
|stall speed alt=
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|endurance=
|ceiling main= 8,500 m
|ceiling alt= 27,900 ft
|ceiling more= with a maximum altitude of {{convert|12000|m}}
|climb rate main=
|climb rate alt=
|loading main=
|loading alt=
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main=
|power/mass alt=
|more performance=
}}

Operational history

Solar Impulse 2 was first publicly displayed on 9 April 2014.[64] Its inaugural flight took place on 2 June 2014, piloted by Markus Scherdel.[65] The aircraft averaged a ground speed of {{convert|30|knots|km/h}}, and reached an altitude of {{convert|5500|feet|m}}.[66] The first night flight was completed on 26 October 2014, and the aircraft reached its maximum altitude during a flight on 28 October 2014.

2015–16 circumnavigation of the Earth

The repair work to the aircraft's main spar delayed Solar Impulse 2s circumnavigation of the Earth from 2012 to 2015.[67] The aircraft was delivered to Masdar City in Abu Dhabi for the World Future Energy Summit in late January 2015,[68] and it began the journey from Al Bateen Executive Airport on 9 March 2015.[8][69] It was scheduled to return to the same location in August 2015.[9][93] A mission control centre for the circumnavigation was established in Monaco, using satellite links to gather real-time flight telemetry and remain in constant contact with the aircraft and the support team.[70]

The route followed by Solar Impulse 2 was entirely in the Northern Hemisphere.[71][72] Twelve stops were originally planned along the route, with pilots Borschberg and Piccard alternating; at each stop, the crew awaited good weather conditions along the next leg of the route.[73] For most of its time airborne, Solar Impulse 2 cruised at a ground speed of between {{convert|50|and|100|kph}}, usually at the slower end of that range at night to save power. Legs of the flight crossing the Pacific and Atlantic oceans were the longest stages of the circumnavigation, taking up to five days and nights.[9][74] On multi-day flights, the pilots took 20-minute naps and used yoga or other exercises to promote blood flow and maintain alertness.[63]

By the end of May 2015, the plane had traversed Asia.[75] It made an unscheduled stop in Japan to await favourable weather over the Pacific, increasing the expected number of legs of the journey to 13.[12][76] The aircraft began the flight from Japan to Hawaii on 28 June 2015 (29 June, Japan local time).[77] With Borschberg in the cockpit, it reached Hawaii on 3 July, setting new records for the world's longest solar-powered flight both by time (117 hours, 52 minutes) and distance (7,212 km; 4,481 mi). The flight's duration was also a record for longest solo flight, by time, for any aircraft.[78][79][80] During that leg the plane's batteries were damaged by overheating because they were packed in too much insulation. New parts had to be ordered, and as it was late in the season, with days shortening in the northern hemisphere, the plane was grounded in Hawaii. The US Department of Transportation stored the aircraft in a hangar at Kalaeloa Airport on Oahu.[81][82]

New batteries were made and installed in the plane. Test flights began in February 2016[83] to prepare for resumption of the circumnavigation once northern hemisphere days lengthened enough to permit multi-day solar-powered flights.[84][24] A favourable weather window opened in April 2016, and the plane resumed its journey,[10][85] landing at Moffett Field, in California, on 23 April.[11] During that flight, Piccard, via a live videolink, spoke with Ban Ki-Moon and Doris Leuthard before the General Assembly of the United Nations, from the cockpit of Solar Impulse 2, commenting on that day's historic signing of the Paris Agreement and discussing how using clean technologies can create jobs and fight global warming.[86] Additional legs of the flight were added in the US as Solar Impulse 2 flew to Phoenix, Arizona,[87][88] Tulsa, Oklahoma,[89] Dayton, Ohio,[90] Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania[91] and New York City, arriving there on 11 June 2016.[92]

Piccard piloted the aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean, arriving in Seville, Spain, on 23 June.[12] The aircraft next stopped in Cairo, Egypt, on 13 July,[13] and landed in Abu Dhabi on 26 July, completing the around-the-world trip in a total of 17 stages and 16-1/2 months; it was the first circumnavigation of the Earth by a piloted fixed-wing aircraft using only solar power.[14]

Detailed route

Leg Start[93] Origin Destination Flight timeDistance|Actual flight distance Avg. speed Max. altitude Pilot
19 March 2015 03:12UAE}} Abu Dhabi, UAE (OMAD)OMA}} Muscat, Oman (OOMS)13 hrs 1 min{{convert|772|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}}{{convert|59.2|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}}{{convert|6383|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}}A. Borschberg[94]
210 March 02:35OMA}} Muscat, Oman (OOMS)IND}} Ahmedabad, India (VAAH)15 hrs 20 mins{{convert|1593|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}[95]{{convert|103.9|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|8874|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}B. Piccard[96]
318 March 01:48IND}} Ahmedabad, India (VAAH)IND}} Varanasi, India (VEBN)13 hrs 15 mins{{convert|1170|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|88.3|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|5182|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}} Borschberg[97]
418 March 23:52IND}} Varanasi, India (VEBN)MYA}} Mandalay, Myanmar (VYMD)13 hrs 29 mins{{convert|1536|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|113.9|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|8230|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}} Piccard[98]
529 March 21:06MYA}} Mandalay, Myanmar (VYMD)CHN}} Chongqing, China (ZUCK)20 hrs 29 mins{{convert|1636|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|79.9|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|8634|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}} Piccard[99]
620 April 22:06CHN}} Chongqing, China (ZUCK)CHN}} Nanjing, China (ZSNJ)17 hrs 22 mins{{convert|1384|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|79.7|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|4270|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}} Piccard[100]
730 May 18:39CHN}} Nanjing, China (ZSNJ)JPN}} Nagoya, Japan{{ref|rw1|N1}} (RJNA)44 hrs 9 mins{{convert|2942|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|66.6|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|8634|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Borschberg[101][102]
828 June 18:03JPN}} Nagoya, Japan (RJNA)USA}} Kalaeloa, Hawaii, US (PHJR)117 hrs 52 mins{{convert|8924|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|75.7|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|8634|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Borschberg[79][103]
921 April 2016 16:15USA}} Kalaeloa, Hawaii, US (PHJR)USA}} Mountain View, CA, US (KNUQ)62 hrs 29 mins{{convert|4086|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|65.4|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|8634|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Piccard[10][104]
102 May 12:03USA}} Mountain View, CA, US (KNUQ)USA}} Phoenix, AZ, US (KGYR)15 hrs 52 mins{{convert|1113|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|70.2|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|6706|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Borschberg[105]
1112 May 11:05USA}} Phoenix, AZ, US (KGYR)USA}} Tulsa, OK, US (KTUL)18 hrs 10 mins{{convert|1570|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|86.4|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|6706|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Piccard[106]
1221 May 09:22USA}} Tulsa, OK, US (KTUL)USA}} Dayton, OH, US (KDAY)16 hrs 34 mins{{convert|1199|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|72.4|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|6401|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Borschberg[107]
1325 May 08:02USA}} Dayton, OH, US (KDAY)USA}} Lehigh Valley, PA, US (KABE)16 hrs 49 mins{{convert|1044|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|62.2|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|4572|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Piccard[108]
1411 June 03:18USA}} Lehigh Valley, PA, US (KABE)USA}} New York, NY, US (KJFK)4 hrs 41 mins{{convert|265|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|56.6|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|915|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Borschberg[109]
1520 June 06:30USA}} New York, NY, US (KJFK)ESP}} Seville, Spain (LEZL)71 hrs 8 mins{{convert|6765|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|94.3|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|8534|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Piccard[110]
1611 July 04:20ESP}} Seville, Spain (LEZL)EGY}} Cairo, Egypt (HECA)48 hrs 50 mins{{convert|3745|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|76.7|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|8534|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Borschberg[111]
1723 July 2016 23:28EGY}} Cairo, Egypt (HECA)UAE}} Abu Dhabi, UAE (OMAD)48 hrs 37 mins{{convert|2694|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|55.4|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{convert|8534|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}Piccard[112]
Total558 hrs 7 mins
(23.25 days)		{{convert|42438|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on{{convert|76.0|km/h|kn|order=flip|abbr=on{{convert|8874|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on

Notes:

  • {{note|rw1|N1}} — Leg 7 was planned as a 144-hour flight from Nanjing, China to Hawaii ({{convert|9132|km|nmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}). Deteriorating weather forced a diversion to Nagoya, Japan.[101]

Honours

In 2016, the Swiss Post edited a special stamp to honour the achievement of Solar Impulse 2.[113]

Future projects

World Alliance for Clean Technologies

During the final flight before the completion of their circumnavigation of the globe, Borschberg and Piccard announced the creation of a World Alliance for Clean Technologies (later renamed World Alliance for Efficient Solutions). The aim of this non-governmental organisation is to promote green energy and sustainable technologies.[114][115] World Alliance was launched in November 2017.[116]

Future unmanned solar aircraft project

The Solar Impulse team plans to develop an unmanned solar-powered aircraft that can fly continuously at high altitudes to carry out some of the work currently performed by satellites and that will also be able to "run applications" that cannot currently be performed by satellites, in such fields as communication, measurements and observations for agriculture, infrastructure planning and other purposes.[115] Borschberg predicted in 2016: "In three years we will have the first prototypes flying".[117]

See also

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
  • Electric aircraft
  • List of circumnavigations
  • Solar vehicle
  • Renewable energy by country
Other solar aircraft
  • Gossamer Penguin
  • Helios Prototype
  • Qinetiq Zephyr
  • Solar Challenger
  • PlanetSolar, first solar vehicle (boat) to circumnavigate the Earth
  • SolarStratos
Records
  • Flight endurance record
  • List of firsts in aviation

}}

Notes and references

1. ^{{cite web|last1=Piccard|first1=Bertrand|title=How to raise $170 million for a crazy idea|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-raise-170-million-crazy-idea-bertrand-piccard|date=11 July 2016}}
2. ^1 {{cite news|last=Cardwell|first=Diane|title=Cross-Country Solar Plane Expedition Set for Takeoff|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/business/energy-environment/cross-country-solar-plane-expedition-set-for-takeoff.html|date=1 May 2013|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2 May 2013}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/03.21.html|title=A Speck in the Sky|work=The New York Times|date=21 March 1999|accessdate=24 June 2013}}
4. ^Div, Stav. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/solar-powered-flight-a7057666.html "Solar Impulse 2: The groundbreaking aircraft demonstrating the possibilities of clean energy"], The Independent, 2 June 2016
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/documents/hbsia_mission.php?lang=en&group=hbsia |title=HB-SIA Mission |publisher=Solar Impulse Project |accessdate=5 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022510/http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/documents/hbsia_mission.php?lang=en&group=hbsia |archivedate=26 July 2011 |df=dmy }}
6. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20100710042340/http://www.swisster.ch/news/science-tech/swiss-solar-plane-makes-history-with-night-flight.html "Swiss solar plane makes history with night flight"]. Swisster. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
7. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/07/06/solar-impulse-ends-cross-country-us-flight-slightly-early-in-ny/|title=Solar Impulse ends cross-country US flight slightly early in NY due to torn left wing|work=Engadget|date=6 July 2013|accessdate=7 July 2013}}
8. ^1 {{cite web| author=Batrawy, Aya|date=9 March 2015|url=https://news.yahoo.com/solar-powered-plane-takes-off-flight-around-world-041503078.html| title=Solar-powered plane takes off for flight around the world|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=14 March 2015}}
9. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url = http://www.thenational.ae/uae/pilots-to-take-off-from-abu-dhabi-for-historic-solar-powered-flight|title = Pilots to take off from Abu Dhabi for historic solar-powered flight|last = Al Wasmi|first = Naser|date = 25 September 2014|work=The National |accessdate =7 January 2015 }}
10. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36068059 |title=Solar Impulse sets off for California after long lay-off| first=Jonathan |last=Amos |date=21 April 2016 |publisher=BBC}}
11. ^1 Berger, Noah. "Solar-powered plane completes journey across Pacific Ocean" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507174027/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/science-technology/article73631912.html |date=7 May 2016 }}, The Charlotte Observer, 24 April 2016
12. ^1 Amos, Jonathan. [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36598140 "Solar Impulse completes Atlantic crossing with landing in Seville"], BBC, 23 June 2016
13. ^1 Amos, Jonathan. [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36781197 "Solar Impulse: Zero-fuel plane lands in Cairo"], BBC News, 13 July 2016
14. ^1 2 [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36890563 "Solar Impulse completes historic round-the-world trip"], BBC News, 26 July 2016
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/6652|work=Solar Impulse|title=What happened between 2001 and 2003?|date=31 December 2003|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820013235/http://www.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/6652|archivedate=20 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/tech/2011/11/29/solar-impulse-aircraft.cnn|accessdate=29 November 2011|publisher=CNN|title=Can solar power fuel future flight| date=29 November 2011}}
17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/airplane/major-steps/|title=Major steps|publisher=Solar Impulse|accessdate=5 December 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915070035/http://solarimpulse.com/en/airplane/major-steps/|archivedate=15 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}
18. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/government-supports-solar-impulse-with-chf6m/41279522|title=Government supports Solar Impulse with CHF6m|publisher=SwissInfo.ch|date=18 February 2015|accessdate= 24 March 2015}}
19. ^{{cite web|last=Piccard|first=Bertrand|title=Solar Impulse gets a lift!|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/7401|date=4 April 2014|accessdate=4 April 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717023500/http://www.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/7401|archivedate=17 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/7292|publisher=Solar Impulse|title=Peter Diamandis our New Patron|first=Viktoria|last=Dijakovic|date=10 October 2013|accessdate=22 March 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216143328/http://www.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/7292|archivedate=16 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}
21. ^{{cite web| url=http://global.sunpowercorp.com/about/sponsor/solar-impulse/|title=Solar Impulse – Around the world in a solar airplane |publisher=SunPower|accessdate= 24 January 2013}}; and {{cite web| last1=Dijakovic| first1=Viktoria| title=Construction HB-SIB Solar Cells|url=http://info.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/6544|publisher=Solar Impulse|date=17 July 2012}}
22. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/partner.php?lang=en&group=partner| title=Partners, Financing Structure| publisher=Solar Impulse| accessdate=25 February 2010| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106124812/http://solarimpulse.com/common/documents/partner.php?lang=en&group=partner| archivedate=6 January 2011| df=dmy-all}}
23. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/27/solar-impulse-round-the-world-flight-raise-20-million-euros| work=The Guardian| title=Solar Impulse's troubled round-the-world flight: ‘We need to raise €20m'|first=Joshi |last=Herrmann| date=27 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015 }}
24. ^1 Al Wasmi, Naser. "Exclusive: Solar Impulse headed back to Abu Dhabi the long way round", The National, 8 January 2016
25. ^1 {{cite web|author=Lipsey, Sid|url=https://www.yahoo.com/travel/secrets-of-the-solar-powered-plane-that-might-make-110026751682.html|title=Secrets of the Solar-Powered Plane That Might Make History|publisher=Yahoo|date= 4 February 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}
26. ^1 2 {{cite web| url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/across-america/| title=Across America| publisher=Solar Impulse| year=2013| accessdate=13 June 2013| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629085555/http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/across-america/| archivedate=29 June 2013| df=dmy-all}}
27. ^{{cite news|last=Engeler|first=Eliane|title=Solar plane lands after completing 24-hour flight|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9GQS2FG2.htm|agency=Associated Press|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=27 May 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527103858/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9GQS2FG2.htm|archivedate=27 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}
28. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/challenge_solar.php?lang=en&group=challenge|title=Plane|accessdate=18 June 2011|publisher=Solar Impulse|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628112009/http://solarimpulse.com/common/documents/challenge_solar.php?lang=en&group=challenge|archivedate=28 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/blog.php?lang=en&group=media&id=105&comment=visible|title=Description of HB-SIA|publisher=SolarImpulse.com|date=22 June 2010|accessdate=9 July 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022519/http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/blog.php?lang=en&group=media&id=105&comment=visible|archivedate=26 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
30. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/pdf/hb-sia/hb-sia_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022440/http://www.solarimpulse.com/pdf/hb-sia/hb-sia_en.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=26 July 2011|title=Around the World in a Solar Airplane|format=PDF|publisher=Solar Impulse|year=2009|accessdate=24 June 2013}}
31. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/262940/solar-impulse-around-the-world-in-a-100-sun+powered-airplane|title=Solar Impulse: Around the World in a 100% Sun-powered Airplane|last=Diaz| first=Jesus| date=23 May 2007|publisher=Gizmodo|accessdate=25 February 2010}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8393688.stm|title=Record solar plane's first 'hop'|date=3 December 2009|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 December 2009|first=Jason|last=Palmer}}
33. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18233-solarpowered-piloted-plane-makes-its-first-flea-hop.html|title=Solar-powered piloted plane makes its first 'flea hop'|first=Tom|last=Simonite|date=3 December 2009|work=New Scientist|accessdate=5 December 2009}}
34. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/technology/sns-ap-eu-switzerland-solar-adventure,0,3199191.story|title=Swiss team makes 1st test flight of prototype for round-the-world solar flight|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1 July 2010|accessdate=9 July 2010}}{{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/04/solar-airplane-completes-maiden-voyage|title=Solar Airplane Completes Maiden Voyage|work=Wired|date=7 April 2010|accessdate=9 July 2010}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/SolarImpulseFliesOnPureSunlight_202647-1.html|title=Solar Impulse Flies On Pure Sunlight|accessdate=3 June 2010|last=Grady|first=Mary|date=May 2010}}
37. ^{{cite news| last=Maron|first=Dina Fine|title=Swiss Team to Launch Solar Night Flight|url=https://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2010/07/06/06climatewire-swiss-team-to-launch-solar-night-flight-9738.html|work =The New York Times|agency=ClimateWire| date=6 July 2010|accessdate=8 July 2010}}
38. ^{{cite news|title=Solar Impulse completes record-breaking flight| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/energy/solarpower/7878526/Solar-Impulse-completes-record-breaking-flight.html| work=The Daily Telegraph|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=8 July 2010|location=London}}
39. ^{{cite news| last=Paur| first=Jason|title=Solar Airplane to Fly Through the Night (Tonight!)|url=https://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/07/solar-airplane-to-fly-through-the-night-tonight|work=Wired|date=7 July 2010|accessdate=8 July 2010}}
40. ^{{cite news|last=van Loon|first=Jeremy|title=Solar-Powered Plane Lands Safely After Overnight Flight|url=http://news.businessweek.com/article.asp?documentKey=1377-a4lM164962iU-6B58GM9T9AIUVKONT5V3EIC6KO|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=8 July 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713014428/http://news.businessweek.com/article.asp?documentKey=1377-a4lM164962iU-6B58GM9T9AIUVKONT5V3EIC6KO|archivedate=13 July 2010|df=dmy-all}}
41. ^{{cite news|title=Solar-powered plane lands safely after 26-hour flight|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/europe/10550430.stm|publisher=BBC|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=8 July 2010}}
42. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/09/world/europe/09plane.html|accessdate=8 July 2010|work=The New York Times| first=Alan|last=Cowell|title=Solar-Powered Plane Flies for 26 Hours|date=8 July 2010}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fai.org/news-of-records/35101-the-fai-ratifies-solar-impulses-world-records|title=The FAI ratifies Solar Impulse's World Records|accessdate=22 October 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127143011/http://www.fai.org/news-of-records/35101-the-fai-ratifies-solar-impulses-world-records|archivedate=27 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.planet-techno-science.com/ciel-et-espace/solar-impulse-premier-vol-international-reussi-pour-lavion-solaire/|title=Solar Impulse: Premier vol international réussi pour l’avion solaire|publisher=Planet Techno Science|date=14 May 2011|accessdate=15 June 2013|language=French}}
45. ^{{cite news|title=Solar-Powered Airplane Makes Historic Flight|url=https://blogs.forbes.com/oshadavidson/2011/05/13/breaking-solar-airplane-about-to-make-historic-landing.html|accessdate=13 May 2011|work=Forbes|first=Osha Gray|last=Davidson|date=13 May 2011}}
46. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Solar_Impulse_Crosses_Borders_204657-1.html|title=Solar Impulse Crosses Border|accessdate=16 May 2011|last=Niles|first=Russ|date=May 2011|work=AvWeb}}
47. ^{{cite news|title=A setback for Solar Impulse: the solar plane favours safety and heads back to Brussels|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/news_affich.php?lang=en&group=news&IdArticle=90|accessdate=15 June 2011|date=June 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022858/http://www.solarimpulse.com/common/documents/news_affich.php?lang=en&group=news&IdArticle=90|archivedate=26 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
48. ^{{cite news|title=Solar Impulse Plane: A Rare Treat For Crowds in Paris|url=http://tv.ibtimes.com/solar-impulse-plane-a-rare-treat-for-crowds-in-paris/890.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120723122419/http://tv.ibtimes.com/solar-impulse-plane-a-rare-treat-for-crowds-in-paris/890.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2012-07-23|accessdate=15 June 2011|last=Marisa|first=Krystian|date=June 2011}}
49. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/05/aviation-solar-idUSL5E8H5A4U20120605|title=Solar plane completes maiden intercontinental trip|agency=Reuters|date=5 June 2012|accessdate=6 June 2012}}
50. ^Solar Impulse’s HB-SIA obtains two new world records {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315003539/http://www.solarimpulse.com/timeline/view/6636/en |date=15 March 2013 }}. SolarImpulse.com. 26 September 2012. See also: FAI Record ID #16558 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130158/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16558 |date=4 November 2013 }} and FAI Record ID #16560 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130306/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16560 |date=4 November 2013 }}.
51. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22754126|title=Solar Impulse lands in St Louis in trans-America bid|publisher=BBC|date=4 June 2013|accessdate=13 June 2013}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22902402|title=Two hops for trans-US solar plane|publisher=BBC| date=14 June 2013|accessdate=14 June 2013}}
53. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22902402|title=Trans-US solar plane reaches Dulles|publisher=BBC|date=16 June 2013|accessdate=16 June 2013}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=Solar Powered Plane Finishes Journey, Lands in NYC|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/solar-powered-plane-final-leg-flight-nyc|agency=Associated Press|date=7 July 2013|accessdate=7 July 2013}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Solar plane leaves Calif. on cross-country trip|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_SOLAR_PLANE?SITE=FLDAY&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT|work=Daytona Beach News Journal|accessdate=3 May 2013}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
56. ^{{cite web|title=Solar plane completes 2nd leg of trip in Texas|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/solar-plane-completes-2nd-leg-trip-texas|agency=Associated Press|date=23 May 2013|accessdate=10 July 2013}}; {{cite web|title=Solar Plane Completes Longest Leg of Cross-Country Flight|url=https://news.yahoo.com/solar-plane-completes-longest-leg-cross-country-flight-143703130.html|publisher=Yahoo News|date=23 May 2013|accessdate=10 July 2013}}; {{cite web|title=FAI Record ID #16815 – Straight distance, pre-declared waypoints|url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16815|publisher=FAI|accessdate=9 July 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130238/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16815|archivedate=4 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}; {{cite web|title=FAI Record ID #16817 – Free Distance|url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16817|publisher=FAI|accessdate=9 July 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130334/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16817|archivedate=4 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}; and {{cite web|title=FAI Record ID #16816 – Distance along a course, pre-declared waypoints|url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16816|publisher=FAI|accessdate=9 July 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130155/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16816|archivedate=4 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}
57. ^{{cite web|title=Across America Event Summary|url=http://info.solarimpulse.com/en/solar-flights/across-america/|publisher=Solar Impulse|accessdate=9 March 2015}}
58. ^All start times are given as UTC, and all start dates are 2013.
59. ^{{cite web|title=Solar Impulse 1 s'expose|url=http://www.cite-sciences.fr/fr/au-programme/evenements/solar-impulse-1-sexpose/|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
60. ^{{cite journal| magazine=Sport Aviation|date=July 2014|page=14|title=First Flight for Solar Impulse 2}}
61. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/solar-impulse-swiss-plane-uae-150309032941002.html|title=Solar-powered Swiss plane attempts flight around world|date=9 March 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=26 July 2016}}
62. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jul/13/solar-impulse-2-lands-in-egypt-in-penultimate-stop-of-its-world-tour|title=Solar Impulse 2 lands in Egypt in penultimate stop of its world tour|work=The Guardian|date=13 July 2016|accessdate=26 July 2016}}
63. ^1 Reisinger, Don. "Solar-powered plane embarks on longest leg of round-the-world flight", CNET, 29 June 2015
64. ^1 2 "Building a Solar Airplane" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143309/http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/our-adventure/building-a-solar-airplane |date=13 April 2014 }}. Solar Impulse. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
65. ^{{cite web|title=Solar plane makes inaugural flight|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-27659068|publisher=BBC|date=2 June 2014|accessdate=2 June 2014}}
66. ^{{cite news|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology|title=Solar Impulse Flies Aircraft For Round-the-World Attempt|date=9 June 2014|page=14}}
67. ^Timeline: "Without a spar, what's next?" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915075659/http://solarimpulse.com/en/airplane/hb-sib/ |date=15 September 2012 }}, Solar Impulse, 19 July 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2013
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/our-adventure/the-first-round-the-world-solar-flight|title=Our Adventure|publisher=Solar Impulse|accessdate=19 January 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120193029/http://www.solarimpulse.com/en/our-adventure/the-first-round-the-world-solar-flight/|archivedate=20 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}
69. ^{{cite web| author=Schreck, Adam| url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/solar-plane-pioneers-lay-round-world-flight-plan-080306681.html| title=Solar plane pioneers lay out round-the-world flight plan| agency=Associated Press| date=20 January 2015| accessdate=21 January 2015| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120203222/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/solar-plane-pioneers-lay-round-world-flight-plan-080306681.html| archivedate=20 January 2015| df=dmy-all}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abb-conversations.com/2015/02/solar-impulse-launches-mission-control-center-in-monaco/|title=Solar Impulse launches Mission Control Center in Monaco|publisher=ABB Conversations|date=23 February 2015| accessdate=21 March 2015}}
71. ^1 {{cite web|author=Mudallal, Zainab| url=http://qz.com/325922/watch-this-solar-powered-airplanes-first-around-the-world-flight/|title=This solar-powered airplane is about to take its first around-the-world flight| publisher=Quartz| date=16 January 2015|accessdate= 19 January 2015}}
72. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36122618 "Solar Impulse lands in California after Pacific crossing"], BBC, 24 April 2016
73. ^Molko, David. "Solar-powered plane on round-the-world flight gets stuck in China", CNN, 17 April 2015
74. ^{{cite web|author=Keyrouz, Wissam| url=https://news.yahoo.com/solar-plane-revs-historic-round-world-flight-180504805.html |title=Solar plane revs up for historic round-the-world flight|publisher=AFP via Yahoo|date= 7 March 2015|accessdate=22 March 2015}}
75. ^Amos, Jonathan. [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32946874 "Solar Impulse plane begins Pacific crossing"], BBC News, 31 May 2015
76. ^Randall, Tom. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-06-15/solar-impulse-sun-powered-plane-is-about-to-smash-some-records "This Plane Runs on Sun and Is About to Smash Some Records"], Bloomberg L.P., 15 June 2015
77. ^Morelle, Rebecca. [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33244912 "Solar Impulse begins second bid to cross Pacific Ocean"], BBC News, 28 June 2015
78. ^1 Archangel, Amber. "Solar Impulse Sets World Record: 117 Hours & 52 Minutes – Longest Solo Flight Ever", CleanTechnica.com, 6 July 2015
79. ^1 The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) website states that the "Free distance along course" was 7,039.9 km. FAI Record ID #17595 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045155/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17595 |date=24 September 2015 }}, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Retrieved 29 July 2015
80. ^The FAI does not record this record as official, since the FAI does not have an "any aircraft" category. See "FAI records page", Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 29 July 2015
81. ^Amos, Jonathan. [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33538442 "Solar Impulse grounded until 2016"], BBC, 15 July 2015
82. ^Molko, Davis. "Solar Impulse: Plane's pilots ground record-setting attempt until 2016", CNN, 15 July 2015
83. ^"Solar Impulse plane makes first maintenance flight in Hawaii", Phys.org, 28 February 2016
84. ^1 Al Wasmi, Naser. "After months-long hiatus, Solar Impulse 2 gets set to fly again", The National, 11 March 2016
85. ^Delony, Jennifer. "Solar Impulse Live: Solar Airplane Pilot Gives Interview While Flying from Hawaii to California", RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 22 April 2016
86. ^Morosini, Marco. "A majestic solar dragonfly landed in San Francisco – Is this the future?", The Huffington Post, 28 April 2016; and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1EVfr0diZY "Live conversation between UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon & Bertrand Piccard"], Solar Impulse, YouTube, 22 April 2016
87. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36186227 |date=2 May 2016 |title=Solar Impulse aeroplane reaches Phoenix, Arizona |first=Jonathan |last=Amos}}
88. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/03/476569334/solar-airplane-lands-in-phoenix-after-flight-from-silicon-valley |title=Solar Airplane Lands In Phoenix After Flight From Silicon Valley |first=Bill |last=Chappell |date=3 May 2016 |accessdate=5 May 2016 |publisher=NPR}}
89. ^Ryburn, Stacy. "Solar plane lands at Tulsa International Airport", Tulsa World, 12 May 2016
90. ^"Solar Impulse 2 Lands in Ohio to Complete Latest Leg of Global Trip", NBC, 21 May 2016
91. ^"Solar Impulse 2 Lands in Pennsylvania in Latest Leg of Global Journey", NBC, 25 May 2016
92. ^1 Rice, Doyle. [https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/sciencefair/2016/06/11/solar-impulse-2-solar-powered-plane-new-york-city/85701316 "Solar Impulse 2 lands in New York City, final U.S. destination"], USA Today, 11 June 2016
93. ^All start times are given as UTC. All start dates for legs 1 to 8 are 2015; start dates for legs 9 to 17 are 2016.
94. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 1: Abu Dhabi to Muscat |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-1-from-Abu_Dhabi-to-Muscat|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
95. ^Solar Impulse team records the distance as 1,593 km. The FAI website states that the "Straight Distance – pre-declared waypoints" was 1,468 km. FAI "Record ID #17429" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113155406/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=175429 |date=13 January 2016 }}, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Retrieved 1 August 2015
96. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 2: Muscat to Ahmedabad |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-2-from-Muscat-to-Ahmedabad|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
97. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 3: Ahmedabad to Varanasi |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-3-from-Ahmedabad-to-Varanasi|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
98. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 4; Varanasi to Mandalay |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-4-from-Varanasi-to-Mandalay|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
99. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 5: Mandalay to Chongqing |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-5-from-Mandalay-to-Chongqing|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
100. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 6: Chongqing to Nanjing |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-6-from-Chongqing-to-Nanjing|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
101. ^1 2 3 "Leg 7: Nanjing to Nagoya", Solar Impulse. Retrieved 29 July 2015; "Solar Impulse touches down on unscheduled Japan stop", The Sun Daily (Malaysia), 2 June 2015
102. ^The FAI website states that the "Free distance along course" was 2614.5 km. FAI "Record ID #17558" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113155406/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17558 |date=13 January 2016 }}, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Retrieved 29 July 2015
103. ^"Leg 8: Nagoya to Hawaii", Solar Impulse. Retrieved 29 July 2015
104. ^{{cite web |title=Leg 9: Hawaii to Mountain View |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-9-from-Hawaii-to-Mountain_View_CA |publisher=Solar Impulse |accessdate=21 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424075146/http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-9-from-Hawaii-to-Mountain_View_CA |archivedate=24 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-10-from-San_Francisco-to-Phoenix|title=Leg 10: San Francisco to Phoenix|publisher=Solar Impulse |accessdate=2 May 2016}}
106. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 11: Phoenix to Tulsa |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-11-from-Phoenix-to-Tulsa|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
107. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 12: Tulsa to Dayton |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-12-from-Tulsa-to-Dayton|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
108. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 13: Dayton to Lehigh Valley |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-13-from-Dayton-to-Lehigh_Valley|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
109. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 14: Lehigh Valley to New York |url= http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-14-from-Lehigh_Valley-to-New_York|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
110. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 15: New York to Seville |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-15-from-New_York-to-Seville|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
111. ^{{cite web|title=Leg 16: Seville to Cairo |url=http://www.solarimpulse.com/leg-16-from-Seville-to-Cairo|publisher=Solar Impulse}}
112. ^"We Are in Abu Dhabi", Solar Impulse, 26 July 2016
113. ^{{fr}} [https://www.post.ch/fr/notre-profil/entreprise/medias/communiques-de-presse/2016/la-poste-rend-hommage-a-solar-impulse-2-avec-un-timbre-commemoratif "La Poste rend hommage à « Solar Impulse 2 » avec un timbre commémoratif"], press release of the Swiss Post published on 27 July 2016 (page visited on 7 September 2016).
114. ^"International Committee for Clean Technologies launched from a solar airplane while flying over the Atlantic Ocean", press release of Solar Impulse, 26 July 2016 (page visited on 7 August 2016).
115. ^1 {{fr}} Olivier Dessibourg, "Vers un comité mondial pour les énergies « vertes »", Le temps, Wednesday 27 July 2016, page 13. Box part of the large article of Fabien Goubet entitled "Un tour du monde, zéro carburant : Solar Impulse réécrit l'histoire de l'aviation", Le temps, Wednesday 27 July 2016, pp. 12–13
116. ^Wei-Haas, Maya. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/inside-first-solar-powered-flight-around-world-180968000 "Inside the First Solar-Powered Flight Around the World"], Smithsonian magazine, January 31, 2018
117. ^Parkinson, Giles. "Solar Impulse: We’ll see solar-powered passenger planes within 10 years", RenewEconomy.com, 14 July 2016; and Hjelmgaard, Kim. Interview of Borschberg, USA Today, 15 July 2016

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • Official website and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_9oDFMiIhw&list=UUCSjLVJs5wD_BKaQqzXwyhg YouTube channel]
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/ewade/2009/EWADE2009_Ross.pdf |title= Fly around the World with a Solar Powered Aircraft |author= Hannes Ross |publisher= IBR Aeronautical Consulting |work= European Workshop on Aircraft Design Education |date= May 2009}}
  • "Bertrand Piccard's solar-powered adventure" – lecture at TED (17 min). July 2009
  • "Record-attempting solar powered plane's first 'hop'". BBC. 4 December 2009
  • "Solar Impulse plane starts 24-hour test flight" . BBC. 7 July 2010
  • "How does Solar Impulse work?" How It Works. 13 May 2011
  • "Solar-powered plane aims to fly around the world". 60 Minutes. CBS News. December 2012
  • [https://ecowatch.com/2016/06/24/solar-impulse-2-bertrand-piccard "10 Incredible Photos of Solar Impulse 2’s Flight Around the World"], EcoWatch. 24 June 2016
  •  , Masdar 26 July 2016
  • Nova's two-hour documentary about Solar Impulse entitled The Impossible Flight. First aired on January 31, 2018
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