| 词条 | Solar power in Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|width = 212 |align=right |pos=bottom |content= Electricity by source in 2014 |pie chart |radius= 100 |slices= ( 80.0 : Nuclear : #de2821 : Nuclear ) ( 134.9 : Brown coal : #9c7d63 : Brown coal ) ( 99.4 : Hard coal : #313c42 : Hard coal ) ( 46.4 : Natural gas : #ef8e39 : Natural gas ) ( 77.8 : Wind : #66CCFF : Wind ) ( 37.5 : Solar : #FFFF57 : Solar ) ( 47.0 : Biomass : #009a39 : Biogas ) ( 19.1 : Hydro : #211873 : Hydro ) |units suffix=_TWh |percent=true |caption=Net generated electricity in 2014[2] }}Solar power in Germany consists almost exclusively of photovoltaics (PV) and accounted for an estimated 6.2 to 6.9 percent of the country's net-electricity generation in 2016.[2][3] About 1.5 million photovoltaic systems were installed around the country in 2014, ranging from small rooftop systems, to medium commercial and large utility-scale solar parks.[2]{{rp|5}} Germany's largest solar farms are located in Meuro, Neuhardenberg, and Templin with capacities over 100 MW. Solar heating does not use solar energy for power generation and is therefore not included in this article. Germany has been amongst the world's top PV installer for several years, with total installed capacity amounting to 41.3 gigawatts (GW) by the end of 2016,[1] behind only China. However, new installations of PV systems have declined steadily since the record year of 2011.[4] It's estimated that by 2017 over 70% of the country's jobs in the solar industry have been lost in the solar sector in recent years.[1] Proponents from the PV industry blame the lack of governmental commitment, while others point out the financial burden associated with the fast paced roll-out of photovoltaics, rendering the transition to renewable energies unsustainable in their view.[5] Germany's official governmental goal is to continuously increase renewables' contribution to the country's overall electricity consumption. Long-term minimum targets are 35% by 2020, 50% by 2030 and 80% by 2050.[2]{{rp|6}} The country is increasingly producing more electricity at specific times with high solar irradiation than it needs, driving down spot-market prices[6] and exporting its surplus of electricity to its neighboring countries, with a record exported surplus of 34 TWh in 2014.[7] A decline in spot-prices may however raise the electricity prices for retail customers, as the spread of the guaranteed feed-in tariff and spot-price increases as well.[2]{{rp|17}} As the combined share of fluctuating wind and solar is approaching 17 percent on the national electricity mix, other issues are becoming more pressing and others more feasible. These include adapting the electrical grid, constructing new grid-storage capacity, dismantling and altering fossil and nuclear power plants – brown coal and nuclear power are the country's cheapest suppliers of electricity, according to today's calculations – and to construct a new generation of combined heat and power plants.[2]{{rp|7}} Concentrated solar power (CSP), a solar power technology that does not use photovoltaics, has virtually no significance for Germany, as this technology demands much higher solar insolation. There is, however, a 1.5{{nbsp}}MW experimental CSP-plant used for on-site engineering purposes rather than for commercial electricity generation, the Jülich Solar Tower owned by the German Aerospace Center. Timeline{{thumb|align=right |width = 205 |pos=bottom |content= Price of solar PV systems {{Line chart | color_background = white | width = 190 | height = 210 | padding_left = 35 | padding_right = 15 | padding_top = 10 | padding_bottom = 20 | number_of_series = 1 | number_of_x-values = 10 | label_x1 = 2006 | label_x2 = | label_x3 = | label_x4 = 2009 | label_x5 = | label_x6 = | label_x7 = 2012 | label_x8 = | label_x9 = | label_x10 = 2015 | y_max = 5000 | scale = yes | interval_primary_scale = 1000 | interval_secondary_scale = 500 | S01V01 = 5000 | S01V02 = 4568 | S01V03 = 4354 | S01V04 = 4110 | S01V05 = 3040 | S01V06 = 2480 | S01V07 = 1990 | S01V08 = 1520 | S01V09 = 1420 | S01V10 = 1240 | points = yes }} |caption = History of PV roof-top prices in euros per kilowatt (€/kW).[8] }}2013 Since 2013, the number of new installations declined significantly due to more restrictive governmental policies. 2012More than 7 GW of PV capacity had been installed annually during the record years of 2010, 2011 and 2012. For this period, the installed capacity of 22.5 GW represented almost 30 percent of the worldwide deployed photovoltaics. On midday of Saturday May 26, 2012, solar energy provided over 40% of total electricity consumption in Germany, and 20% for the 24h-day. 2011Germany was one of the first countries to deploy grid-scale PV power. Since 2004 solar power in Germany has been growing considerably due to the country's feed-in tariffs for renewable energy, which were introduced by the German Renewable Energy Sources Act, and declining PV costs. Prices of PV systems decreased more than 50% in 5 years since 2006.[9] Solar PV provided 18 TWh of electricity in 2011, about 3% of total electricity.[5] The federal government has set a target of 66 GW of installed solar PV capacity by 2030,[10] to be reached with an annual increase of 2.5–3.5 GW,[11] and a goal of 80% of electricity from renewable sources by 2050.[12] 2004In 2004, it was the first country, together with Japan, to reach 1 GW of cumulative installed PV capacity. Governmental policies{{further information|Feed-in tariffs in Germany|German Renewable Energy Sources Act}}{{Image frame|width = 300 |align=right |pos=bottom |content= Feed-in tariff for rooftop solar[13] {{ #invoke:Chart|bar-chart |width = 330 |height = 220 |group 1 = 50.6 : 48.1 : 45.7 : 57.4 : 54.5 : 51.8 : 49.2 : 46.75 : 43.01 : 39.14 : 28.74 : 24.43 : 17.02 : 13.68 : 12.56 : 12.31 |colors = #0081CC |group names = |units suffix = _€-cents |x legends = 2001 : : : : 2005 : : : : : 2010 : : : : : 2015 : }} |caption = History of German feed-in tariffs in ¢/kWh for rooftop solar of less than 10 kWp since 2001. For 2016, it amounted to 12.31 ¢/kWh.[13] }}{{As of|2012}}, the feed-in tariff (FiT) costs about €14 billion (US$18 billion) per year for wind and solar installations. The cost is spread across all rate-payers in a surcharge of 3.6 €ct (4.6 ¢) per kWh[14] (approximately 15% of the total domestic cost of electricity).[15] On the other hand, as expensive peak power plants are displaced, the price at the power exchange is reduced due to the so-called merit order effect.[16] Germany set a world record for solar power production with 25.8 GW produced at midday on April 20 and April 21, 2015.[17] According to the solar power industry, a feed-in tariff is the most effective means of developing solar power.[18] It is the same as a power purchase agreement, but is at a much higher rate. As the industry matures, it is reduced and becomes the same as a power purchase agreement. A feed-in tariff allows investors a guaranteed return on investment - a requirement for development. A primary difference between a tax credit and a feed-in tariff is that the cost is borne the year of installation with a tax credit, and is spread out over many years with a feed-in tariff. In both cases the incentive cost is distributed over all consumers. This means that the initial cost is very low for a feed-in tariff and very high for a tax credit. In both cases the learning curve reduces the cost of installation, but is not a large contribution to growth, as grid parity is still always reached.[19] Since the end of the boom period, national PV market has since declined significantly, due to the amendments in the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) that reduced feed-in tariffs and set constraints on utility-scaled installations, limiting their size to no more than 10 kW.[20] The current version of the EEG only guarantees financial assistance as long as the overall PV capacity has not yet reached 52 GW. It also foresees to regulate annual PV growth within a range of 2.5 GW to 3.5 GW by adjusting the guaranteed fees accordingly. The legislative reforms stipulates a 40 to 45 percent share from renewable energy sources by 2025 and a 55 to 60 percent share by 2035.[21] {{as of|November 2016}}, tenants in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) will soon be able to benefit from the PV panels mounted on the buildings in which they live.The state government has introduced measures covering the self-consumption of power, allowing tenants to acquire the electricity generated onsite more cheaply than their regular utility contracts stipulate.[22][23] Grid capacity and stability issues{{Confusing|section|date=July 2014}}Approximately 9 GW of photovoltaic plants in Germany are being retrofitted to shut down[24] if the frequency increases to 50.2 Hz, indicating an excess of electricity on the grid. The frequency is unlikely to reach 50.2 Hz during normal operation, but can if Germany is exporting power to countries that suddenly experience a power failure. This leads to a surplus of generation in Germany, that is transferred to rotating load and generation, which causes system frequency to rise. This happened in 2003 and 2006.[25][26][27] However, power failures could not have been caused by photovoltaics in 2006, as solar PV played a negligible role in the German energy mix at that time.[28] In December 2012, the president of Germany's "Bundesnetzagentur", the Federal Network Agency, stated that there is "no indication", that the switch to renewables is causing more power outages.[29] Amory Lovins from the Rocky Mountain Institute wrote about the German Energiewende in 2013, calling the discussion about grid stability a "disinformation campaign".[30] PotentialGermany has about the same solar potential as Alaska, which has an average of 3.08 sun hours/day in Fairbanks.
StatisticsThe history of Germany's installed photovoltaic capacity, its average power output, produced electricity, and its share in the overall consumed electricity, showed a steady, exponential growth for more than two decades up to about 2012. Solar PV capacity doubled on average every 18 months in this period; an annual growth rate of more than 50 percent. Since about 2012 growth has slowed down significantly. Generation
|width=400 |align=right |pos=bottom |content= | width = 430 | height = 320 | group 1 = 2 : 2 : 6 : 9 : 12 : 18 : 28 : 42 : 54 : 70 : 114 : 176 : 296 : 435 : 1105 : 2056 : 2899 : 4170 : 6120 : 10566 : 18006 : 25916 : 34077 : 36710 : 37900 : 39224 : 40679 : 42339 | colors = orange | group names = | units suffix = _MW | x legends = 1990 : : : : 1994 : : : : 1998 : : : : 2002 : : : : 2006 : : : : 2010 : : : : 2014 : : : |caption=Nationwide PV capacity in megawatts on a linear scale since 1990. Source: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy[33]{{rp|7}} }} PV capacity by federal statesGermany is made up of sixteen, partly sovereign federal states or {{lang|de|Länder}}. The southern states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg account for about half of the total, nationwide PV deployment and are also the wealthiest and most populous states after North Rhine-Westphalia. However, photovoltaic installations are widespread throughout the sixteen states and are not limited to the southern region of the country as demonstrated by a watts per capita distribution.
Photovoltaic power stations{{main article|List of photovoltaic power stations}}
GalleryCompaniesSome companies have collapsed since 2008, facing harsh competition from imported solar panels. Some were taken over like Bosch Solar Energy by SolarWorld. Major German solar companies include: {{Div col |colwidth=25em}}
See also{{Portal|Renewable energy|Germany}}
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://1-stromvergleich.com/solar-power-germany// |title=GERMANY: SOLAR POWER FACTSHEET 2016 |publisher=Strom-Report}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|work=Fraunhofer ISE|url=https://www.energy-charts.de/energy_pie.htm|title=Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany|date=19 May 2015|accessdate=3 July 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2014|url=http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/downloads-englisch/pdf-files-englisch/data-nivc-/electricity-production-from-solar-and-wind-in-germany-2014.pdf|publisher=Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE|place=Germany|accessdate=22 July 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RG21ExIC|archivedate=2014-07-22|page=5|format=pdf|date=2014-07-21|deadurl=no}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://renewables.seenews.com/news/germany-adds-about-610-mwp-of-solar-pv-in-h1-2015-486825 |title=Germany adds about 610 MWp of solar PV in H1 2015 |work=Renewables Now |date=3 August 2015}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E7NT1WK20111229?sp=true |title= German solar power output up 60 pct in 2011 |date=29 December 2011 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=2 January 2012 }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/downloads-englisch/pdf-files-englisch/news/electricity-prices-and-production-data-2013.pdf|title=Electricity Spot-Prices and Production Data in Germany 2013|author=|date=|website=fraunhofer.de}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|title=Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2014 (German version)|url=http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/downloads/pdf-files/data-nivc-/stromproduktion-aus-solar-und-windenergie-2014.pdf|publisher=Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE|place=Germany|accessdate=5 January 2015|pages=2, 3, 6|format=pdf|date=5 January 2015}} 8. ^Average turn-key prices for roof-top PV systems up to 100 kWp. Sources: for data since 2009 photovoltaik-guide.de, pv-preisindex , using for each year average price of month of January. Data source for previous years (2006-2008), see Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V. (BSW-Solar), September 2009, page 4, quarterly figures from EUPD-Research. 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solarwirtschaft.de/fileadmin/content_files/BSW_Solar_Fakten_PV_1110.pdf|title=BSW-Solar – Statistische Zahlen der deutschen Solarstrombranche (Photovoltaik), Oct 2011|author=|date=|website=solarwirtschaft.de}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nuwireinvestor.com/articles/germany-reducing-incentives-for-solar-property-investment-55078.aspx|title=Germany Reducing Incentives For Solar Property Investment|author=Property Wire|date=2010-04-22|publisher=NuWire Investor|accessdate=2010-09-10}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.germanenergyblog.de/?p=8341|title=New German 7.5 GWp PV Record by End of 2011|last=Lang|first=Matthias|date=21 November 2011|work=German Energy Blog|accessdate=9 January 2012}} 12. ^Germany 13. ^1 {{cite web |publisher=IEA-PVPS |url=http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=6 |title=Annual Report 2015 |page=63 |date=13 May 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.germanenergyblog.de/?p=7526 |title=2012 EEG Surcharge Increases Slightly to 3.592 ct/kWh |first= Matthias |last= Lang |publisher=German Energy Blog |date=14 October 2011 |accessdate= 9 January 2012}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.energy.eu/#Domestic-Elec|title=Europe's Energy Portal » Fuel, Natural Gas and Electricity Prices From Past to Present|publisher=}} 16. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.renewablesinternational.net/merit-order-effect-of-pv-in-germany/150/510/33011/ |title= Merit order effect of PV in Germany |date= 2 February 2012 |first= Craig |last= Morris |work= Renewables International |accessdate= 17 May 2012 }} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eex-transparency.com/homepage/power/germany/production/usage/actual-solar-power-generation-/actual-solar-power-generation-chart-|title=Transparency in Energy Markets - Germany|publisher=}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pennenergy.com/index/power/display/1469629556/articles/power-engineering/volume-114/issue-10/departments/View-on-Renewables/the-us-needs-a-feed-in-tariff.html|title=The U.S. Needs a Feed-in Tariff|author=|date=|website=www.pennenergy.com}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.q-cells.com/uploads/tx_abdownloads/files/Preprint_26thEUPVSEC_6CV-1-63_FKersten.pdf|title=PV Learning Curves:Past and Future Drivers of Cost Reduction|author=|date=|website=q-cells.com}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Changes for solar in Germany|url=http://www.renewablesinternational.net/changes-for-solar-in-germany/150/452/77990/ |publisher=renewablesinternational.net |accessdate=12 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6PWAqoX0R |archivedate=12 May 2014 |date=3 April 2014}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Erneuerbare-Energien/eeg-reform.html|title=Erneuerbare Energien|first=Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und|last=Energie|date=|website=www.bmwi.de}} 22. ^{{cite news| title = Federal state supports "tenant electricity" models with solar PV | date = 1 November 2016 | work = Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) | location = Berlin, Germany | url = https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/no-climate-plan-ahead-cop22-power-origin-transparency/federal-state-supports-tenant-electricity-models-solar-pv | access-date = 2016-11-01}} 23. ^{{cite press release | author = | title = Minister Remmel: "NRW macht es vor — Mieterinnen und Mieter können künftig auch von der Energiewende profitieren." — Umweltministerium fördert Mieterstrom-Modelle und Energiespeicher | trans-title = Minister Remmel: "NRW makes it possible — tenants can also benefit from the Energiewende in the future." — Environment Ministry promotes tenant electricity models and energy storage | language = German | date = 31 October 2016 | publisher = Umweltministerium North Rhine-Westphalia | location = Düsseldorf, Germany | url = https://www.umwelt.nrw.de/presse/detail/news/2016-10-31-umweltministerium-foerdert-mieterstrom-modelle-und-energiespeicher/ | access-date = 2016-11-01}} 24. ^{{cite web|last1=Lang|first1=Matthias|title=Study Recommends Retrofitting of PV Power Plants to Solve 50.2 Hz Problem|url=http://www.germanenergyblog.de/?p=7313|website=German Energy Blog|accessdate=15 February 2017}} 25. ^The “50.2 Hz” problem for photovoltaic power plants {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623061220/http://www.rpia.ro/?page_id=1668 |date=June 23, 2012 }} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mainsfrequency.com/verlauf_en.htm|title=Timeline of the utility frequency: Timeline|publisher=}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/ecofys_ifk_2011_50_2_hz_summary.pdf|title=Impact of Large-scale Distributed Generation on Network Stability During Over-Frequency Events & Development of Mitigation Measures|author=|date=|website=ecofys.com}} 28. ^{{cite web |author=Michael Döring |title=Dealing with the 50.2 Hz problem |url=http://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featuredealing-with-the-50.2-hz-problem |date=1 January 2013 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6R2TgdZLF |archivedate=13 July 2014 |deadurl=no}} 29. ^{{cite web |title=Germany's Network Agency says power outages "unlikely" |url=http://www.renewablesinternational.net/germanys-network-agency-says-power-outages-unlikely/150/537/59139 |date=6 December 2012 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6R2XFt63M |archivedate=13 July 2014 |deadurl=no}} 30. ^{{cite web |author=Amory Lovins |title=Separating Fact from Fiction in Accounts of Germany's Renewables Revolution |url=http://energytransition.de/2013/08/energiewende-separating-fact-from-fiction |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6R2YYMfID |archivedate=13 July 2014 |date=23 August 2013 |deadurl=no}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php|title=PV Watts|publisher=NREL|accessdate=1 July 2016}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/veroeffentlichungen/studien/studie-stromgestehungskosten-erneuerbare-energien.html|title=Studie: Stromgestehungskosten erneuerbare Energien - März 2018|last=|first=|date=|year=2018|website=|publisher=Fraunhofer ISE|access-date=|accessdate=2 April 2018}} 33. ^1 2 {{ cite web|author=Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie|url=https://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/zeitreihen-zur-entwicklung-der-erneuerbaren-energien-in-deutschland-1990-2017.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=17|title=Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland|accessdate=13 January 2019|format=pdf }} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018|url=http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EPIA_Global_Market_Outlook_for_Photovoltaics_2014-2018_-_Medium_Res.pdf|website=www.epia.org|publisher=EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry Association|accessdate=12 June 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QGSvAF7w|archivedate=12 June 2014|page=24}} 35. ^Bundesnetzagentur – EEG-Statistikbericht 2008 36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.clearingstelle-eeg.de/files/BNetzA_Statistik_EEG_2009.pdf|title=Bundesnetzagentur – EEG-Statistikbericht 2009|author=|date=|website=clearingstelle-eeg.de}} 37. ^Bundesnetzagentur – EEG-Statistikbericht 2010 38. ^Bundesnetzagentur – EEG-Statistikbericht 2011 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/ZahlenDatenInformationen/EEGinZahlen_2012.xls?__blob=publicationFile&v=2|title=Bundesnetzagentur – EEG in Zahlen 2012|author=|date=|website=bundesnetzagentur.de}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/ZahlenDatenInformationen/EEGinZahlen_2013.xls?__blob=publicationFile&v=3|title=Bundesnetzagentur – EEG in Zahlen 2013|author=|date=|website=bundesnetzagentur.de}} 41. ^Bundesnetzagentur – EEG in Zahlen 2014 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Energie/Unternehmen_Institutionen/ErneuerbareEnergien/ZahlenDatenInformationen/InstallierteLeistung_2015_BF.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4|title=Bundesnetzagentur – Installierte EE-Leistung zum 31.12.2015 (vorläufig)|author=|date=|website=bundesnetzagentur.de}} 43. ^1 2 3 4 5 PV Resources.com (2009). World's largest photovoltaic power plants 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lima-group.com/en-au/references/contract-for-services.php?showproject=55|title=Contract for services - LIMA Group|author=LIMA Group GmbH|publisher=}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://cfb-fonds.com/en/cfb-news/news/single-view/commerz-real-kauft-groessten-solarpark-deutschlands|title=CFB-Fonds|author=CFB News: Commerz Real Acquires Germany’s Largest Solar Park|publisher=}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/current/2011/kw39/78-mw-of-the-worlds-largest-solar-photovoltaic-plant-connected-to-grid-in-senftenberg-germany.html|title=SolarServer: 78 MW of the world’s largest solar photovoltaic plant connected to grid in Senftenberg, Germany|publisher=}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pv-tech.org/news/_a/good_energies_nibc_infrastructure_partners_acquire_finsterwalde_ii_and_fins/|title=Good Energies, NIBC Infrastructure Partners acquire Finsterwalde II and Finsterwalde III|author=|date=|website=pv-tech.org}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.u-energy.de/download/2010_06_18_realisierung_solarpark_finsterwalde_2_und_3_eng.pdf|title=Implementation of the 39 MWp – „Solar Park Finsterwalde II and Finsterwalde III“|author=|date=|website=u-energy.de}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://globalsolartechnology.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3804&Itemid=9|title=Lieberose solar farm becomes Germany's biggest, World's second-biggest|publisher=}} 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,643961,00.html|title=Leaders In Alternative Energy: Germany Turns On World's Biggest Solar Power Project|author=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany|date=20 August 2009|work=SPIEGEL ONLINE}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.juwi.de/uploads/media/PM_Solar_Brandis-Koethen_2008.12.pdf|title=Germany's largest Solar parks connected to the grid (19 Dec 08)|author=|date=|website=juwi.de}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sonnenseite.com/index.php?pageID=6&news:oid=n6986&template=news_detail.html|title=Large photovoltaic plant in Muldentalkreis|author=|date=|website=sonnenseite.com}} 53. ^Photovoltaik in Oberfranken: IBC SOLAR stellt Jura-Solarpark mit insgesamt 43 MW fertig; Energiewende soll den Wirtschaftsstandort auch künftig stärken, 26 February 2014 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pvresources.com/en/top50pv.php|title=Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants - Top 50|publisher=}} 55. ^Construction Complete on 6 MW Thin-Film PV Installation in Germany Renewable Energy Access, 5 April 2007. 56. ^https://www.webcitation.org/6QwLVgSYo Rote Jahne Factsheet (de) External links{{Commons category|Solar energy in Germany|Solar power in Germany}}
| title= Economic Impacts from the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies — The German Experience | last=Frondel |first= Manuel |author2=Christoph M. Schmidt |author3=Nolan Ritter |author4=Colin Vance |date=November 2009 | format=PDF | work= Ruhr Economic Papers | publisher= RWI Essen | quote= | accessdate= 2010-11-26 }}
|title= Performance of Photovoltaics (PV) in Germany |publisher= SMA Solar Technology AG |accessdate= 4 August 2011 }}{{Solar power in Europe}}{{Renewable energy by country}}{{Energy in Germany}} 1 : Solar power in Germany |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。