| 词条 | Sol Wachtler |
| 释义 |
| name = Sol Wachtler | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = Solomon Wachtler | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1930|4|29}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | nationality = American | education = B.A. and LL.B. Washington and Lee University. | alma_mater = | home_town = | residence = Manhasset, New York | spouse = Joan Wolosoff | religion = | parents = | occupation = Attorney, judge | children = Lauren Wachtler Montclare Marjorie Wachtler Eagan Alison Wachtler Braunstein Philip Wachtler | family = }} Solomon "Sol" Wachtler (born {{Birth date|1930|4|29}}) is an American lawyer and Republican politician from New York.[1] He was Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1992.[2] Wachtler's most famous quote, made shortly after his appointment as Chief Judge, was that district attorneys could get grand juries to "indict a ham sandwich."[3] He achieved national notoriety when he was charged with, and then convicted of, acts stemming from threats he made against a former lover, Joy Silverman, and her daughter. Upon conviction, Wachtler served thirteen months in prison and a half-way house.[4] After his release, Wachtler became an author and critic, as well as an advocate for the mentally ill. CareerWachtler graduated with both a B.A. and an LL.B. from Washington and Lee University. He began his political career in 1963, when he was first elected to be a councilman, then Town Supervisor of the Town of North Hempstead, New York. He was elected to the New York State Supreme Court in 1968, and to the New York Court of Appeals in 1972, where he served for nearly 20 years and authored close to 400 opinions. He was appointed Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals in January 1985. The same month as his appointment, Wachtler was quoted by the New York Daily News as saying that "district attorneys now have so much influence on grand juries that 'by and large' they could get them to 'indict a ham sandwich.'"[3][6] This quote was then used by Tom Wolfe (and attributed to Wachtler) in Wolfe's 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities, paraphrased into "a grand jury would 'indict a ham sandwich,' if that's what you wanted."[5][6] As of 2018, the "ham sandwich" phrase remains in common usage in legal discussions.[7][8] Wachtler's decision in Chapadeau v. Utica Observer[9] protected the right of the defendant newspaper (and by extension of the press in general) to cover issues of public concern without undue exposure to suits for libel. The reasoning of the Chapadeau decision was influential with courts throughout the United States.[10] Also known for the remark, "A marriage license should not be viewed as a license for a husband to forcibly rape his wife with impunity" (in People v. Liberta), Wachtler was a key figure in making spousal rape a criminal offense.[11] Wachtler wrote the majority opinion in a 1988 right to die case interpreting the statute's requirement of "clear and convincing evidence" that a person who can no longer communicate would have wanted to die in a particular circumstance. The majority opinion set a stricter standard of "clear and convincing" than the lower courts, and refused to let a patient's family withdraw life support. General statements by a person that he or she would not want to live in such a condition are not acceptable under the decision.[12][13] The decision was criticized by right-to-die organizations as being too strict and unworkable, and taking decision-making away from family members. Wachtler was criticized for writing the decision while his own 86-year-old mother was recovering from a stroke.[14] His formulation of this higher standard of proof was later adopted by the United States Supreme Court.[15] As Chief Judge, Wachtler served not only as the head of the Court of Appeals, but also as the chief administrator for the state court system. He made significant administrative changes, called for the merit selection of judges, implemented streamlined procedures, reduced opportunities for "judge shopping," and reformed the state's grand jury system.[16] Wachtler also tried to improve women's and minorities' access to justice. He created a New York State Judicial Commission for Minority Concerns, a Workforce Diversity Program, and a New York State Task Force on Gender Bias.[17] Criminal charges and resignationIn 1988, Wachtler began an affair with Joy Silverman. At the time, Wachtler was a co-executor of the estate of Alvin Wolosoff, Silverman's stepfather and the uncle of Wachtler's wife. He was also trustee of four trusts stemming from Wolosoff's estate for the benefit of Silverman and her family.[18][19] The trusts (in aggregate) were reported to be worth US$24 million at the time.[18] According to then-United States Attorney Michael Chertoff, over time, Wachtler received fees of more than US$800,000 for his work as executor and trustee of the entire estate.[20] After Silverman ended the affair in September 1991, Wachtler began to harass her.[21] Wachtler was arrested on 7 November 1992, on charges including extortion, racketeering, and blackmail.[22] Prosecutors alleged that he demanded a $20,000 blackmail payment in exchange for turning over compromising photographs and tapes of Silverman with her then boyfriend, attorney David Samson.[23] He eventually pleaded guilty to harassing Silverman and threatening to kidnap her daughter.[4] He resigned as a judge and from the bar, and Governor Mario Cuomo appointed Judith S. Kaye to replace him as chief judge of the N.Y.S. Court of Appeals. He served his sentence, first at the medium-security Federal Correctional Institution in Butner, North Carolina, and from December 1993 at the Federal Medical Center in Rochester, Minnesota after he was stabbed in the shoulder while dozing in his cell in November.[4] Wachtler was sentenced to 15 months, but received time off for good behavior.[4] His sentence started 28 September 1993.[4] He was released after serving 13 months.[24] Later lifeAfter his release from prison, Wachtler wrote a prison memoir, After the Madness ({{ISBN|0-7592-4519-3}}) and a book of fiction, Blood Brothers ({{ISBN|1-59007-421-1}}). He also contributed to the book Serving Mentally Ill Defendants ({{ISBN|0-8261-1504-7}}) and has written as a critic-at-large for The New Yorker Magazine. He is currently an Adjunct Professor at Touro Law School and Chair of the Law and Psychiatry Institute of North Shore Long Island Jewish Hospital. He is an advocate for the mentally ill and has received awards from the Mental Health Association of the State of New York and New York City. Wachtler's New York law license was restored by the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division on October 2, 2007.[25] Personal lifeWachtler lives in Manhasset, New York. Wachtler has four children: attorney Lauren Wachtler Montclare; Marjorie Wachtler Eagan, a docent at the Metropolitan Museum of Art; actress and model Alison Wachtler Braunstein; and real estate developer Philip Wachtler.[26] His daughter, Lauren, married attorney Paul Douglas Montclare in 1983.[27] His son, Phillip Wachtler, is married to Robin Wilpon, daughter of New York Mets owner Fred Wilpon.[28][29] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://nypdconfidential.com/columns/1994/940807.html|title=Obsession|website=nypdconfidential.com}} 2. ^{{cite news|title=N.Y.'s Chief Judge, Charged With Blackmail, Resigns|first=John J.|last=Goldman|work=Los Angeles Times|date=November 11, 1992|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-11/news/mn-275_1_chief-judge}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/11/25/sol_wachtler_the_judge_who_coined_indict_a_ham_sandwich_was_himself_indicted.html |first=Josh |last=Levin |title=The Judge Who Coined "Indict a Ham Sandwich" Was Himself Indicted |work=Slate Magazine |date=November 25, 2014 |accessdate=April 25, 2018}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |first=Lawrence |last=Van Gelder |title=Ex-Judge Wachtler to Move From Prison to Halfway House |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E1D61139F934A1575BC0A962958260 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=19 January 2009 |date=27 August 1994}} 5. ^{{cite book | author=Tom Wolfe | title=The Bonfire of the Vanities | year=1987 | publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux | ISBN=0-312-42757-3}} 6. ^1 {{cite web | author= Barry Popik | title=Indict a Ham Sandwich | date=July 15, 2004 | work=The Big Apple" | url=http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/indict_a_ham_sandwich/}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/08/03/what-is-a-grand-jury-trump-russia-mueller-investigation-215458 |first=Renato |last=Mariotti |title=Bob Mueller Is Using a Grand Jury. Here’s What It Means. |work=Politico Magazine |date=August 3, 2017 |accessdate=April 25, 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2203713 |first=Glenn Harlan |last=Reynolds |title=Ham Sandwich Nation: Due Process When Everything is a Crime |publisher=SSRN |date=January 20, 2013 |accessdate=April 25, 2018}} 9. ^Chapadeau v. Utica Observer, 38 N.Y. 2d 196, 341 N.E. 2d 569 (1975) 10. ^{{cite book|last=Historical Society of the State of New York|first=|editor=Rosenblatt, Albert |title=The Judges of The New York Court of Appeals|year=2007|publisher=Fordham University Press|page=735}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://lawschool.courtroomview.com/acf_cases/8704-people-v-liberta|title=People v. Liberta, CVN Law School|accessdate=11 December 2010}} 12. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/15/nyregion/new-york-s-highest-court-rejects-family-s-plea-in-right-to-die-case.html New York's Highest Court Rejects Family's Plea in Right-to-Die Case] By E. R. SHIPP, New York Times, October 15, 1988 13. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/15/nyregion/excerpts-from-the-court-of-appeals-decision-on-a-patient-s-right-to-die.html Excerpts From the Court of Appeals Decision on a Patient's Right to Die] New York Times, October 15, 1988 14. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/12/us/new-york-rule-compounds-dilemma-over-life-support.html New York Rule Compounds Dilemma Over Life Support] By LISA BELKIN, New York Times, May 12, 1992 15. ^{{cite web|last1=Gould|first1=David|title=Sol Wachtler, Court of Appeals (1973-1992)|url=http://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/luminaries-court-appeals/wachtler-sol.html|website=The Historical Society of the New York Courts|accessdate=8 May 2015}} 16. ^{{cite book|last=Caher|first=John|title=King of the Mountain|year=1998|publisher=Prometheus Books |page=123}} 17. ^{{cite book|last=Linda|first=Wolfe|title=Double Life|year=1994|publisher=Pocket Books |page=246}} 18. ^1 {{cite news |first= John T.|last= McQuiston|authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Wachtler and Silverman Clash on Control of Trust|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D61F3CF93AA25750C0A965958260 |work= The New York Times |date=19 March 1993 |accessdate=18 January 2009}} 19. ^{{cite news |first= Sam|last= Dillon|authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Wachtler Role at Issue In Dispute Over a Will|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/nyregion/wachtler-role-at-issue-in-dispute-over-a-will.html?scp=3&sq=wachtler%20wolosoff%20fees&st=cse |work= The New York Times |date=15 November 1992 |accessdate=26 August 2010}} 20. ^{{cite news |title=Estate Fee To Wachtler Is $800,000|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DF1F31F934A1575BC0A965958260|work = The New York Times|date = 27 August 1993|accessdate = 18 January 2009}} 21. ^{{cite news|first=Josh|last=Barbanel|title=Wachtler Charged in Indictment Detailing Harassment Campaign|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DE153DF931A35751C0A965958260|work=The New York Times|date = 2 February 1993|accessdate=19 January 2009}} 22. ^Plotz, David. "Judicial Restraint: Sol Wachtler's worthy sentiments on prison." Slate.com April 16, 1997 23. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/nyregion/post-scandal-future-unclear-for-port-authoritys-low-profile-leader.html New York Times: "As Inquiry Widens, Port Authority Chief May Lose His Low Profile" by Russ Buettner and William K. Rashbaum] January 15, 2014 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-10-23/news/mn-53884_1_halfway-house|title=Ex-Judge Wachtler's Early Release From Halfway House Denied|first=Associated|last=Press|date=23 October 1994|publisher=|via=LA Times}} 25. ^Peter Lattman, [https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2007/10/03/sol-wachtler-got-his-law-license-back/ Sol Wachtler Got His Law License Back], Wall Street Journal (October 3, 2007). 26. ^New York Courts: Historical Society of the new York Courts: "SOL WACHTLER 1930- Court of Appeals: 1973-1992 Chief Judge: 1985-1992" by David Gould retrieved May 20, 2017 27. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/27/style/lauren-wachtler-is-married.html New York Times: "Lauren Wachtler Is Married"] June 27, 1983 28. ^Richard Sandomir, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/sports/baseball/06mets.html Mets Are Prominent on the Madoff List, but Say They're Fine], New York Times (February 5, 2009). 29. ^Long Island Business News: "The son in law also rises" March 31, 2006 Sources
Further reading
External links
Acting}}{{S-end}}{{ChiefJudgeNYSCoAppeal}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Wachtler, Solomon}} 18 : 1930 births|Living people|American memoirists|20th-century American novelists|Chief Judges of the New York Court of Appeals|New York Supreme Court Justices|Place of birth missing (living people)|Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni|People with bipolar disorder|People from Manhasset, New York|New York (state) Republicans|American male novelists|New York (state) politicians convicted of crimes|Touro College faculty|Novelists from New York (state)|State and local political sex scandals in the United States|American male non-fiction writers|Judges convicted of crimes |
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