“Etrog”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Etrog ({{lang-he-n|אֶתְרוֹג}}, plural: etrogim) is the yellow citron or Citrus medica used by Jews during the week-long holiday of Sukkot, as one of the four species. Together with a lulav, hadass and aravah, the etrog is to be taken in each hand.

Taxonomy

While in Modern Hebrew etrog is the name for citron of any variety or form, whether kosher for the ritual or not, its English usage applies only to those varieties and specimens used as one of the Four Species. Some taxonomic experts, like Hodgson and others, have mistakenly treated etrog as one specific variety of citron.^[1]^[2] The various Jewish rites utilize different varieties, according to their tradition or the decision of their respective posek.

Etymology

The romanization as Etrog according to the Sephardic pronunciation, is widely used in Israel through Modern Hebrew. The Ashkenazi pronunciation as in Yiddish, is esrog or esrig. It has been transliterated as Ethrog or Ethrogh in scholarly work, which is according to Yemenite Hebrew.^[3] The Hebrew word is thought to derive from the Persian name for the fruit, turung, likely borrowed via Aramaic.

Biblical references

Rabbinic Judaism believes the biblical phrase peri eitz hadar (פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר) refers to the etrog. Grammatically, the Hebrew phrase is ambiguous; it is typically translated as "fruit of a beautiful tree," but it can also be read as "a beautiful fruit of a tree." Etrogs are carefully selected for the performance of the Sukkot holiday rituals.

In modern Hebrew, hadar refers to the genus Citrus. Nahmanides (1194 – c. 1270) suggests that the word was the original Hebrew name for the citron. According to him, the word etrog was introduced over time, adapted from the Aramaic. The Arabic name for the citron fruit, itranj (اترنج), mentioned in hadith literature, is also associated with the Hebrew.

Historical cultivation

Etrogim have been cultivated in the Holy Land extensively at the times of the Second Temple and are found in many archaeological foundlings of that era. Those include mosaics of Maon Synagogue, Beth Alpha Synagogue, Hamat Tiberias Synagogue and more. In all those sites it is depicted alongside other important religious symbols, like the Shofar or Menorah. It is also found on numerous Bar Kokhba coins.

The earliest reference to etrog in the holy land is still the recent discovery of citron pollen that was found in excavations on the Ramat Rachel site.^[5]

Sometime during the first century BCE, Alexander Yanai, the sixth and last of the Maccabean rulers, who also appointed himself to the high priesthood, was pelted with the native balady citrons for cheating on the rabbinical interpretation of the mitzva of nisuch hamayim that the priest should have commenced during the Feast of Tabernacles.^[6]

In diaspora

After the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE, exiled Jews planted citron orchards wherever they settled: in Europe (Spain, Greece, and Italy) as well as in North Africa and Asia Minor. Jews who settled north of warm citron-growing areas were dependent on imported etrogim, which caused much anxiety given the dangers and uncertainties of sea travel. By the seventeenth century some of the most popular sources were the islands of Corsica and Corfu.

Jewish communities in Europe and America then turned to Palestine, where etrog farmers had been marketing etrogim to Europe since the late 1850s through The Fruit of the Goodly Tree Association. Some Jewish communities still preferred citrons from Italy, Greece, Morocco, or Yemen, but many Jews seeking citrons turned back to Eretz Yisrael, the land of Israel. These days, American Jews continue to import the majority of their holiday etrogim from Israel, besides during Shmita when there are some halachic problems exporting the produce of Israel.

Cosmetic requirements

Pitam

A pitam or pitom (Hebrew: פיטום) is composed of a style (Hebrew: "דַד" dad), and a stigma (Hebrew: "שׁוֹשַׁנְתָּא" shoshanta), and usually falls off during the growing process. An etrog with an intact pitam is considered especially valuable, but varieties that naturally shed their pitam during growth are also considered kosher. When only the stigma breaks off, even post-harvest, the citron can still be considered kosher as long as part of the style has remained attached. If the whole pitam i.e. the stigma and style, are unnaturally broken off, all the way to the bottom, the etrog is not kosher for ritual use.

Pitam preservation technique

Many more pitams are preserved today due to an auxin discovered by Dr. Eliezer E. Goldschmidt, emeritus professor of horticulture at the Hebrew University. Working with the picloram hormone in a citrus orchard, he unexpectedly discovered that some of the Valencia oranges found nearby had preserved perfect pitams. Citrus fruits, other than an etrog or citron hybrid like the bergamot, usually do not preserve their pitam. On the occasions that they do, their pitams tend to be dry, sunken and very fragile. In this case the pitams were all fresh and solid just like those of the Moroccan or Greek citron varieties. Experimenting with picloram in a laboratory, Goldschmidt eventually found the correct “dose” to achieve the desired effect is one droplet{{clarify|how does a droplet compare to a drop?|date=December 2014}} of the chemical in three million drops of water. This invention was highly appreciated by the religious Jewish community.^[7]

Purity

In order for a citron to be kosher, it must be neither grafted nor hybridized with any other species. Only a few traditional varieties are therefore used. To ensure that no grafting is used, the plantations are kept under strict rabbinical supervision.

Genetic research

The citron varieties traditionally used as Etrog, are the Diamante Citron from Italy, the Greek Citron, the Balady Citron from Israel, the Moroccan and Yemenite Citrons.

A general DNA study was arranged by Eliezer E. Goldschmidt and colleagues, who positively testified 12 famous accessions of citron for purity and being genetically related. As they clarify in their joint publication, this is only referring to the genotypic information which could be changed by breeding for e.g. out cross pollination etc., not about grafting which is anyway not suspected to change anything in the genes.^[8]

The Fingered and Florentine Citrons although they are also Citron varieties or maybe hybrids, are not used for the ritual. The Corsican Citron was no longer in use, but has recently been reintroduced for ritual use.

Selection and cultivation

In addition to the above, there are many rabbinical indicators to identify pure etrogs out of possible hybrids. Those traditional specifications were preserved by continuous selections accomplished by professional farmers.^[9]

The most accepted indicators are as following: 1) a pure etrog has a thick rind, in contrast to its narrow pulp segments which are also almost dry, 2) the outer surface of an etrog fruit is ribbed and warted, and 3) the etrog peduncle is somewhat buried inward; a lemon or different citron hybrid is opposing one or all of the specifications.^[10]

A later and not so widely accepted indicator is the orientation of the seed, which should be pointing vertically by an etrog, except if it was strained by its neighbors; in lemons and hybrids, the seeds are positioned horizontally even when there is enough space.^[11]

The etrog is typically grown from cuttings that are two to four years old; the tree begins to bear fruit when it is around four years old.^[12] If the tree germinates from seeds, it will not fruit for about seven years, and there may be some genetic change to the tree or fruit in the event of seed propagation.^[13]

Customs

To protect the etrog during the holiday, it is traditionally wrapped in silky flax fibers and stored in a special box, often made from silver.^[14]

After the holiday, eating from the etrog or etrog jam is considered a segula (efficacious remedy) for a woman to have an easy childbirth.^[15] A common Ashkenazi custom is to save the etrog until Tu Bishvat and eat it in candied form or as succade, accompanied by prayers that the worshiper will merit a beautiful etrog next Sukkot.^[16] Some families make jam or liqueur out of it,^[17] or stick cloves in the skin for use as besamim at the havdalah ceremony after Shabbat.

The Dancing Camel Brewery in Tel Aviv, Israel, uses the rinds of etrogim in its annual 'Trog Wit Beer, usually available around the Holiday of Sukkot.^[18]

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^Nahon, Peter (2015). [https://www.academia.edu/13165498/Les_Agrumes_dInt%C3%A9rieur_des_vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_historiques_aux_essais_actuels Les Agrumes d'Intérieur : des variétés historiques aux essais actuels]. Fruits oubliés, 63, 16-18
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/ethrog.html|title=ethrog|author=|date=|website=www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu}}
3. ^The Citrus Industry {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308005736/http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html#acid |date=March 8, 2008 }}
4. ^"Jerusalem dig uncovers earliest evidence of local cultivation of etrogs", Haaretz
5. ^First evidence of the etrog tree in Israel*Jerusalem dig uncovers earliest evidence of local cultivation of etrogs
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/landedpages/printarticle.aspx?id=2178|title=Israel News - The Jerusalem post|author=|date=|website=www.jpost.com}}
7. ^[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2441301 Style Abscission in the Citron. American Journal of Botany, Vol. 58, no 1. pp. 14-23]
8. ^Search Authentic Citron* A brief documentation of this study could be found at the Global Citrus Germplasm Network {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410153921/http://www.lal.ufl.edu/societies/ISC/gcgn/Appendix_9.PDF |date=2008-04-10 }}.
9. ^Article by Professor Goldschmidt, published by Tehumin, summer 5741 (1981), booklet 2, p. 144
10. ^Letter by rabbi Shmuel Yehuda Katzenellenbogen of Padua midst the 16th century, printed in Teshuvat ha'Remo chapter 126
11. ^Shiurey Kneseth Hagdola and Olat Shabbat, cited by Magen Avraham, Orach Chaim chapter 648, comment 23
12. ^Chiri, Alfredo. (2002). Etrog {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404130602/http://home.att.net/~oc_crfg/alfredo-sep02.htm |date=April 4, 2005 }}
13. ^Sunkist Website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017033439/http://www.sunkist.com/products/growing_packing.asp |date=2007-10-17 }}
14. ^http://www.reformjudaism.org/saga-citron
15. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cCWnRJg9S_IC&pg=PA134&dq=segulah#v=onepage&q=segulah&f=false |title=Expecting Miracles: Finding meaning and spirituality in pregnancy through Judaism |first=Chana |last=Weisberg |year=2004 |page=134 |publisher=Urim Publications |isbn=9657108519}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aish.com/tubshvat/tubshvatinterests/Lchaim_to_the_Trees.asp|title=Redirecting...|author=|date=|website=www.aish.com}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/spages/1118246.html|title=Etrog recipes (link no longer valid)|author=|date=|website=haaretz.co.il}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
18. ^'Trog Wit {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100105/http://www.dancingcamel.com/en/Page/trogwit.html |date=2014-10-06 }}