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词条 Soucouyant
释义

  1. Legend

  2. Origin

  3. In popular culture

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

The soucouyant or soucriant in Dominica, St. Lucian, Trinidadian, Guadeloupean folklore[1] (also known as Loogaroo (also Lougarou) in Haiti,[2][3] Louisiana,[2] Grenada[3] and elsewhere in the Caribbean or Ole-Higue (also Ole Haig) in Guyana[4] and Jamaica[5][6] or Asema in Suriname[7]), in The Bahamas it is known as Hag. It is a kind of blood-sucking hag.[8]

Legend

The soucouyant is a shapeshifting Caribbean folklore character who appears as a reclusive old woman by day. By night, she strips off her wrinkled skin and puts it in a mortar. In her true form, as a fireball she flies across the dark sky in search of a victim. The soucouyant can enter the home of her victim through any sized hole like cracks, crevices and keyholes.

Soucouyants suck people's blood from their arms, legs and soft parts while they sleep leaving blue-black marks on the body in the morning.[9] If the soucouyant draws too much blood, it is believed that the victim will either die and become a soucouyant or perish entirely, leaving her killer to assume her skin. The soucouyant practices black magic. Soucouyants trade their victims' blood for evil powers with Bazil, the demon who resides in the silk cotton tree.[9]

To expose a soucouyant, one should heap rice around the house or at the village cross roads as the creature will be obligated to gather every grain, grain by grain (a herculean task to do before dawn) so that she can be caught in the act.[9] To destroy her, coarse salt must be placed in the mortar containing her skin so she perishes, unable to put the skin back on. Belief in soucouyants is still preserved to an extent in Guyana, Suriname and some Caribbean islands, including Dominica, Haiti and Trinidad.[10]

The skin of the soucouyant is considered valuable, and is used when practicing black magic.

Origin

Soucouyants belong to a class of spirits called jumbies. Some believe that soucouyants were brought to the Caribbean from European countries in the form of French vampire-myths. These beliefs intermingled with those of enslaved Africans.

In the French West Indies, specifically the island of Guadeloupe, and also in Suriname, the Soukougnan or Soukounian is a person able to shed his or her skin to turn into a vampiric fireball. In general these figures can be anyone, not only old women, although some affirm that only women could become Soukounian, because only female breasts could disguise the creature's wings.

The term "Loogaroo" also used to describe the soucouyant, possibly comes from the French mythological creature called the Loup-garou, a type of werewolf; often confused with each other since they are pronounced the same.[11] In Haiti, what would be considered a werewolf, is called jé-rouges ("red eyes").[12] As in Haiti, the Loogaroo is also common in Mauritian culture. In Suriname this creature is called "Asema".

As the legend of the Soucouyant has been verbally passed down over the centuries, the story has changed with the passage of time, so that the Soucouyant is no longer exclusively described as an elderly woman.[1]

In popular culture

  • In Wayne Gerard Trotman's novel Kaya Abaniah and the Father of the Forest, a vicious soucouyant appears as a main antagonist.
  • In Jean Rhys's Voyage in the Dark a soucouyant is one of Anna Morgan's daydreaming fears before she undergoes an abortion that leaves her bleeding to death. It is worth noting that before the ending was edited, Anna Morgan dies of the abortion.
  • Also used in Rhys's short story "The Day They Burned the Books", in a servant's description of Mrs. Sawyer, a main character in the story: "...Mildred told the other servants in the town that her eyes had gone wicked, like a soucriant's eyes, and that afterwards she had picked up some of the hair he pulled out and put it in an envelope, and that Mr. Sawyer ought to look out (hair is obeah as well as hands)".
  • Also used in a third Jean Rhys book, Wide Sargasso Sea, when the former slave, Christophine, describes Antoinette's eyes as "red like soucriant".
  • In "Greedy Choke Puppy", a short story by Nalo Hopkinson, a soucouyant narrates part of the story. Hopkinson's book Brown Girl in the Ring also features a soucouyant, who is delayed from her purpose of consuming blood by another character who drops rice grains on the floor, forcing the soucouyant to pick them up before proceeding.
  • Appears in the novel White is for Witching: A Novel by Helen Oyeyemi.
  • Soucouyant is the title and one of the primary plot devices of a novel by David Chariandy.
  • A soucouyant is the title creature in the book "Nightwitch" by author Ken Douglas, which was also published under a previous pseudonym, Jack Priest.
  • In Timothy Williams's Guadeloupe novel, "Un autre soleil", "Another Sun" the spelling soucougnan is adopted in both French and English.
  • A Soucouyant appears in The Night Piece,[13] a collection of short-stories written by André Alexis.
  • In Byzantium, a Neil Jordan film, one of the protagonists, Eleanor Webb, refers to vampires in her story as "soucriants". On the other hand, there isn't any reference to Caribbean mythology in the movie itself and the vampires' origin is hinted as pre-Christian European.
  • In Season 3 episode 6 of Sleepy Hollow, a soucouyant appears. This creature is a swarm of red insects that can gather itself into a female humanoid shape, and whose sting causes paranoid insanity. As the soucouyant is the queen of her swarm, she targets authority figures.

See also

  • Adze
  • Chonchon
  • Manananggal
  • Rougarou
  • Shtriga
  • Silk cotton tree

References

1. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3v6jCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Vampires and Zombies: Transcultural Migrations and Transnational Interpretations |editor1=Fischer-Hornung, Dorothea|editor2=Mueller, Monika |page=63 |year=2016 |isbn=9781496804754 |accessdate=5 August 2017}}
2. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYd0CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA197#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Cultus des Loogaroo (Cult of the Loogaroo): Louisiana's Own Legend & Lore of the Vampyre |editor=Broussard, T. |page=197 |isbn=9781304190772 |accessdate=5 August 2017}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g72RAa5EKewC&pg=PT47#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Vampire Book |editor=Press |page=46 |year=2009 |isbn=9780756664442 |accessdate=5 August 2017}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YejuPsAmWikC&pg=PT104#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Skin Folk |editor=Hopkinson, Nalo |page=104 |year=2001 |isbn=9780759526648 |accessdate=5 August 2017}}
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2pFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Death Gods: An Encyclopedia of the Rulers, Evil Spirits, and Geographies of the Dead |editor=Abel, Ernest L. |page=137 |year=2009 |isbn=9780313357138 |accessdate=5 August 2017}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx_9-X_-smoC&pg=PA150#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838-1900 |editor=Moore, Brian L. |page=150 |year=1995 |isbn=9780773513549 |accessdate=5 August 2017}}
7. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubjQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Things That Fly in the Night: Female Vampires in Literature of the Circum-Caribbean and African Diaspora |editor=Anatol, Giselle Liza |page=6, 8 |year=2015 |isbn=9780813575599 |accessdate=5 August 2017}}
8. ^{{cite book |last=Welland |first=Michael |title=Sand: The Never-Ending Story |publisher=University of California Press |date=January 2009 |pages=66–67 |isbn=978-0-520-25437-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwAHE18nioMC&lpg=PA66&dq=Loogaroo&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q=Loogaroo&f=false}}
9. ^1 2 Courtesy The Heritage Library via the Trinidad Guardian
10. ^{{cite book|last=Maberry|first=Jonathan |title=Vampire Universe: The Dark World of Supernatural Beings That Haunt Us, Hunt …|publisher=Citadel|date=September 1, 2006|pages=203|isbn=978-0-8065-2813-7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=H1axCZifXdwC&lpg=PA203&dq=Loogaroo%2C%20skin%2C%20tree&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q=Loogaroo,%20skin,%20tree&f=false}}
11. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pYZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology |editor=Bane, Theresa |page=96 |year=2012 |isbn=9780786455812 |accessdate= }}
12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ltyiiqR3-EC&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Twilight Companion: The Unauthorized Guide to the Series |editor=Gresh, Lois H. |year=2008 |isbn=9781429983334 |accessdate=6 August 2017}}
13. ^{{Cite book|title=The Night Piece and Other Stories: Amazon.co.uk: Andre Alexis: 9780747544616: Books|publisher=|id= {{ASIN|0747544611|country=uk}}}}

Further reading

  • Myths and Maxims: A Catalog of Superstitions, Spirits and Sayings of Trinidad and Tobago, and the Caribbean by Josanne Leid and Shaun Riaz
  • The Things That Fly in the Night: Female Vampires in Literature of the Circum-Caribbean and African Diaspora by Giselle Liza Anatol

External links

  • triniview.com
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071220034808/http://www.montraykreyol.org/spip.php?article106 montraykreyol.org]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20101122082307/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Folklore/folkcharacters.htm Trinidad and Tobago Folklore Characters]

14 : Female legendary creatures|Witchcraft in fairy tales|Witchcraft in folklore and mythology|Vampires|Caribbean legendary creatures|Grenadian culture|Guadeloupean culture|Guyanese culture|Haitian culture|Jamaican culture|Louisiana culture|Mauritian culture|Surinamese culture|Trinidad and Tobago culture
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