| 词条 | South Asian Stone Age |
| 释义 |
}}{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}} The South Asian Stone Age covers the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in South Asia. Evidence for the most ancient anatomically modern Homo sapiens in South Asia has been found in the cave sites of Cudappah of India, Batadombalena and Belilena in Sri Lanka.[1] In Mehrgarh, in what is today western Pakistan, the Neolithic began c. 7000 BCE and lasted until 3300 BCE and the first beginnings of the Bronze Age. In South India, the Mesolithic lasted until 3000 BCE, and the Neolithic until 1400 BCE, followed by a Megalithic transitional period mostly skipping the Bronze Age. The Iron Age began roughly simultaneously in North and South India, around c. 1200 to 1000 BCE (Painted Grey Ware culture, Hallur). Homo erectus{{further|Acheulian|Soanian|Riwat}}Homo erectus lived on the Pothohar Plateau, in upper Punjab, Pakistan along the Soan River (nearby modern-day Rawalpindi) during the Pleistocene Epoch. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan and Nepal.[2] Biface handaxes and cleaver traditions may have originated in the middle Pleistocene.{{sfn|Kennedy|2000|p=136}} The beginning of the use of Acheulian and chopping tools of the lower Paleolithic may also be dated to approximately the middle Pleistocene.{{sfn|Kennedy|2000|p=160}} Neolithic Stone Age of Indian subcontinent (7000 BCE - 5500 BCE) finds were excavated from Pinjore in Haryana on the banks of the stream (paleochannel of Saraswati river) flowing through HMT complex,[3][4] by the Guy Ellcock Pilgrim who was a British geologist and palaeontologist, who discovered 15 million years (1.5 crore) old prehistoric human teeth and part of a jaw denoting that the ancient people, who were intelligent hominins dating as far back as 1,500,000 ybp Acheulean period,[5] lived in Pinjore region near Chandigarh.[6] Quartzite tools of lower Paleolithic period were excavated in this region extending from Pinjore in Haryana to Nalagarh (Solan district in Himachal Pradesh.[7]The coming of Homo sapiens{{main|Peopling of India}}Analysis of mitochondrial DNA dates the immigration of Homo sapiens to South Asia to 75,000 to 50,000 years ago.[8]{{sfn|James|Petraglia|2005|loc=S6}} An analysis of Y chromosome haplogroups found one man in a village west of Madurai to be a direct descendant of these migrators.[9] Cave sites in Sri Lanka have yielded the earliest non-mitochondrial record of modern Homo sapiens in South Asia. They were dated to 34,000 years ago. (Kennedy 2000: 180). For finds from the Belan in southern Uttar Pradesh, India radiocarbon data have indicated an age of 18,000-17,000 years. At the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka humans lived throughout the Upper Paleolithic (10th to 8th millennia BCE), revealing cave paintings dating to c. 30,000 BCE,[10][11] and there are small cup like depressions at the end of the Auditorium Rock Shelter, which is dated to nearly 100,000 years;[12] the Sivaliks and the Potwar (Pakistan) region also exhibit many vertebrate fossil remains and paleolithic tools. Chert, jasper and quartzite were often used by humans during this period. Neolithic{{further|Bhirrana|Mehrgarh|Neolithic Tamil Nadu}}The aceramic Neolithic (Mehrgarh I, Baluchistan, Pakistan, also dubbed "Early Food Producing Era") lasts c. 7000 - 5500 BCE. The ceramic Neolithic lasts up to 3300 BCE, blending into the Early Harappan (Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age) period. One of the earliest Neolithic sites in India is Lahuradewa in the Middle Ganges region and Jhusi near the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers, both dating to around the 7th millennium BCE.[13][14] Recently another site along the ancient Saraswati riverine system in the present day state of Haryana in India called Bhirrana has been discovered yielding a dating of around 7600 BCE for its Neolithic levels.[15] In South India the Neolithic began by 3000 BCE and lasted until around 1400 BCE. South Indian Neolithic is characterized by Ashmounds since 2500 BCE in the Andhra-Karnataka region that expanded later into Tamil Nadu. Comparative excavations carried out in Adichanallur in the Thirunelveli District and in Northern India have provided evidence of a southward migration of the Megalithic culture.[16] The earliest clear evidence of the presence of the megalithic urn burials are those dating from around 1000 BCE, which have been discovered at various places in Tamil Nadu, notably at Adichanallur, 24 kilometers from Tirunelveli, where archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India unearthed 12 urns containing human skulls, skeletons and bones, husks, grains of charred rice and Neolithic celts, confirming the presence of the Neolithic period 2800 years ago. Archaeologists have made plans to return to Adhichanallur as a source of new knowledge in the future.[17][18] See also
Notes1. ^{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=K. A. R. |authorlink=Kenneth A. R. Kennedy |last2=Deraniyagala |first2=S. U. |last3=Roertgen |first3=W. J. |last4=Chiment |first4=J. |last5=Disotell |first5=T. |date=April 1987 |title=Upper Pleistocene Fossil Hominids From Sri Lanka |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=441–461 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330720405 |pmid=3111269}} 2. ^Parth R. Chauhan. Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html |date=2012-01-04 }}. An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective. 3. ^Manmohan Kumar : Archaeology of Ambala and Kurukshetra Districts, Haryana, 1978, Mss, pp.240-241. 4. ^Haryana Samvad, Oct 2018, p38-40. 5. ^Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India 6. ^Pilgrim, Guy, E. 'New Shivalik Primates and their Bearing on the Question, of the Evolution of Man and the Anthropoides, Records of the Geological Survey of India, 1915, Vol.XIV, pp. 2-61. 7. ^Haryana Gazateer, Revennue Dept of Haryana, Capter-V. 8. ^{{cite book|author=Alice Roberts|date=2010|title=The Incredible Human Journey|publisher=A&C Black|page=90}} 9. ^Spencer Wells, The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Random House, {{ISBN|0-8129-7146-9}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=The Hindus: An Alternative History|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC|author=Wendy Doniger|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199593347|date=2010-09-30}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuevAwAAQBAJ|author=Mark M. Jarzombek|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118421055|date=2014-05-27}} 12. ^{{cite web|last=Archaeological Survey of India|first=Government of India|title=World Heritage Sites - Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_rockart_bhimbetka.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|accessdate=4 March 2014}} 13. ^{{cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Dorian |date=2006 |title=Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis |url=http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/articles/JWP20.pdf |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=20 |page=42 |doi=10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8}} 14. ^Tewari, Rakesh et al. 2006. "Second Preliminary Report of the excavations at Lahuradewa, District Sant Kabir Nagar, UP 2002-2003-2004 & 2005-06" in Pragdhara No. 16 "Electronic Version p.28" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128194547/http://www.uparchaeology.org/pragdhara%20No-16.pdf |date=2007-11-28 }} 15. ^{{cite web | title=Haryana's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site, Rakhigarhi Asia's largest: ASI | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryanas-Bhirrana-oldest-Harappan-site-Rakhigarhi-Asias-largest-ASI/articleshow/46926693.cms |newspaper=Times of India |date=15 April 2015}} 16. ^{{cite book |first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |last=Sastri |title=A History of South India |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=49–51 |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7}} 17. ^{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T. S. |date=2004-05-26 |title=Skeletons, script found at ancient burial site in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/26/stories/2004052602871200.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |accessdate=2007-07-31}} 18. ^{{cite book |quote=The most interesting pre-historic remains in Tamil India were discovered at Adichanallur. There is a series of urn burials. seem to be related to the megalithic complex. |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil A. |title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature |pages=21–22 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1992 |isbn=978-90-04-09365-2}} References{{Refbegin}}
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