“Southern giant clam”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The southern giant clam, Tridacna derasa, is a species of extremely large marine clam in the cockle family, Cardiidae.

Description

The southern giant clam is one of the largest of the "giant clams", reaching up to 60 cm in length.^[2] The species is also known as the smooth giant clam because of the relative lack of ribbing and scales on its thick shell. The smoothness of the southern giant clam's shell and its six to seven vertical folds help to distinguish it from its larger relative, Tridacna gigas, which has four to five folds and a rougher texture. Lack of scutes (scale-like protrusions of the shell) that are present in most other Tridacna species is a defining characteristic of this species, although in aquacultures specimens have been observed to develop scutes in at least one abnormal case.^[3] The mantle usually has a pattern of wavy stripes or spots, and may be various mixtures of orange, yellow, black and white, often with brilliant blue or green lines.^[4] Derasa produce the color white in their mantle using multi-colored crystalline pigment cells, while T. maxima cluster red, blue and green cells.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

The southern giant clam is native to waters around Australia, Cocos Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vietnam.^[6] Populations have also been introduced to American Samoa, Cook Islands, Marshall Islands and Samoa, and reintroduced after extinction in Guam, the Federated States of Micronesia and Northern Mariana Islands.^[2] The southern giant clam is found on the outer edges of reefs at depths of 4 to 10 meters.^[4]

Biology

The Tridacna clam has muscles for opening and closing its shell and a foot for attaching to reef substrate. It respires through gills and feeds through a mouth.^[7] Most clams fulfill their nutritional requirements by filter feeding and absorbing dissolved organic compounds from the water, but Tridacna clams have gone further than this by using symbiotic algae, zooxanthellae, in their tissues to manufacture food for them.^[7]^[8] Through photosynthesis the zooxanthellae transform carbon dioxide and dissolved nitrogen, such as ammonium, into carbohydrates and other nutrients for their hosts.^[8]^[9]

When Tridacna clams first attain sexual maturity they are male, but about a year later become hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs. However, the release of sperm and eggs are separate in order to prevent self-fertilisation, although self-fertilisation can occur. The breeding season of the southern giant clam usually occurs in spring and summer, although they may be induced to spawn through the year.^[8]^[10]

Conservation

The southern giant clam is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List,^[11] and is listed on Appendix II of CITES.^[12] The southern giant clam is a popular food item and aquarium species, and has therefore been hunted extensively throughout its natural habitat.^[4] However, specimens traded today tend to be the result of aquaculture farms rather than wild-caught individuals, because the southern giant clam was one of the first clams to be bred commercially.^[4] This occurred at the MMDC Giant Clam Hatchery in Palau, which focused on Tridacna derasa in pioneering large-scale developments.^[13]

References

1. ^{{cite WoRMS |author=Bouchet, P. |author2=Rosenberg, G. |author3=ter Poorten, J. |year=2013 |title=Tridacna derasa (Röding, 1798) |id=382205 |accessdate=9 April 2014 }}
2. ^¹CITES: Twenty-second Meeting of the Animals Committee {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704170838/http://www.cites.org/eng/com/AC/22/E22-10-2-A8d.pdf |date=4 July 2011 }}, Lima (Peru), 7–13 July 2006 (January 2007).
3. ^{{cite web|last1=Adams|first1=Jake|title=Batch of scaly Derasa clams spotted, what does it mean?|url=http://reefbuilders.com/2010/08/06/batch-scaly-derasa-clams-spotted/|website=reefbuilders.com|publisher=Reef Builders, Inc.|accessdate=28 April 2015|date=6 August 2010}}
4. ^¹²³Lukan, E. M. (1999). Critter Corner: Tridacna derasa. Fish 'N' Chips: A Monthly Marine Newsletter, 1999.{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2011}}
5. ^{{Cite web|title = Giant clams could inspire better color displays and solar cells|url = http://www.gizmag.com/giant-clams-color-displays-solar-cells/41394|website = www.gizmag.com|access-date = 2016-01-23|date = January 20, 2016}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Lucas|author2=Copland|last-author-amp=yes|title=Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific|year=1988|publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research|location=Canberra|isbn=0-949511-70-6|pages=23}}
7. ^¹Tridacna Clams in the Reef Aquarium (January 2007).{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2011}}
8. ^¹²Lukan, E. M. (1999). Critter Corner: Tridacnid Clams: The Basics. Fish ‘N’ Chips: A Monthly Marine Newsletter, 1999.{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2011}}
9. ^{{cite journal|last=Lucas|first=J.|title=Biology, exploitation, and mariculture of giant clams|journal=Reviews in Fisheries Science|date=June 1994|volume=2|issue=3|pages=188–194|doi=10.1080/10641269409388557}}
10. ^{{cite journal|last=Lucas|first=J.|title=Biology, exploitation, and aquaculture of giant clams|journal=Reviews in Fisheries Science|date=June 1994|volume=2|issue=3|pages=184–188}}
11. ^Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna derasa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. Downloaded on 01 September 2014.
12. ^CITES (January 2007).
13. ^{{cite book|author1=Heslinga|author2=Watson|author3=Isamu|last-author-amp=yes|title=Giant Clam Farming|year=1990|publisher=Pacific Fisheries Development Foundation|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|pages=1–179 + appendices}}