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词条 South Stream
释义

  1. History

  2. Route

  3. Technical description

  4. Project companies

  5. Implications

     Nabucco pipeline project  Conflict with Ukraine  Offer to Romano Prodi   Stroytransgaz contract  

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{short description|Proposed natural gas pipeline through south-eastern Europe}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}{{Infobox pipeline
| name = South Stream
| type = Natural gas
| map = South_Stream_map.png
| map_caption = Proposed route of South Stream
| country = Russia
Bulgaria
Serbia
Hungary
Slovenia
Austria
| coordinates =
| photo =
| caption =
| operator = South Stream Transport AG
National project companies
| partners = Gazprom
Eni
EDF
Wintershall
Naftna Industrija Srbije
Srbijagas
| length_km = 2380
| discharge = {{convert|63|e9m3/a}}
| direction = east–west
| start = Russkaya compressor station near Anapa
| finish = Tarvisio, Italy
Baumgarten an der March, Austria
| est =
| expected =
| through = Black Sea
Varna
Pleven
Zaječar
Paraćin
Gospođinci
Bački Breg
Hercegszántó
Tornyiszentmiklós
| compressor_stations_no = 10
}}

South Stream ({{lang-ru|Южный поток}}, Yuzhnyy potok; {{lang-bg|Южен поток}}, Yuzhen potok; {{lang-sr|Јужни ток}} / Južni tok; {{lang-sl|Južni tok}}; {{lang-hu|Déli Áramlat}}; {{lang-it|Flusso Meridionale}}) was a pipeline project to transport natural gas of the Russian Federation through the Black Sea to Bulgaria and through Serbia, Hungary and Slovenia further to Austria.

Coincidentally with Russia's annexation of Crimea, after having been seven years in the talks and works with five EU member states, the project was suddenly found in non-compliance with European Union's competition and energy legislation, in particular the Third Energy Package, which stipulates the separation of companies' generation and sale operations from their transmission networks.[1][2]

It was seen as rival to the Nabucco pipeline project,[3] which was abandoned in favor of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline. Unlike South Stream, TAP is fully compliant with EU legislation by way of having obtained EU Third Party Access Exemption.

Construction of the Russian onshore facilities for the South Stream pipeline started in December 2012.[4] The project was cancelled by Russia in December 2014 following obstacles from Bulgaria and the EU, the 2014 Crimean crisis, and the imposition of European sanctions on Russia.[5][3][4] The project has been replaced by proposals of Turkish Stream and Tesla pipeline.[5]

History

The South Stream pipeline project was announced on 23 June 2007, when the Chief Executive Officer of the Italian energy company Eni Paolo Scaroni and the Vice-Chairman of Russian Gazprom Alexander Medvedev signed in Rome a memorandum of understanding for construction of the pipeline.[6] On 22 November 2007, Gazprom and Eni signed in Moscow an agreement on establishing a joint project company for the commissioning of the marketing and technical feasibility studies of the project.[7]

The preliminary agreement between Russia and Bulgaria on Bulgaria's participation in the project was signed on 18 January 2008. It was agreed to set up an equally owned company to build and operate the Bulgarian section of the pipeline.[8] The agreement was ratified by Bulgarian Parliament on 25 July 2008.[9] The first agreement between Russia and Serbia was signed even before the announcement of the South Stream project. On 20 December 2006, Gazprom and Serbian state-owned gas company Srbijagas agreed to conduct a study on building a gas pipeline running from Bulgaria to Serbia.[10] On 25 January 2008, Russia and Serbia signed an agreement to route a northern line of South Stream through Serbia and to create a joint company to build the Serbian section of the pipeline and a gas storage facility near Banatski Dvor.[11][12] On the same day, Russia and Hungary agreed to set up an equally owned joint company to build and operate the Hungarian section.[13][14] On 29 April 2008, Russia and Greece signed an intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in construction and operation of the Greek section.[15]

On 15 May 2009, in Sochi, in presence of the Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and the Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi, the gas companies of Russia, Italy, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece signed an agreement on construction of South Stream.[16][17] On 6 August 2009, the Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in attendance of the Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi signed a protocol routing the pipeline through the Turkish territorial waters.[18] On 14 November 2009, followed the talks between Slovenian Prime Minister Borut Pahor and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, the agreement to run a part of the pipeline through Slovenia to Northern Italy was signed by Russian Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko and Slovenian Economy Minister Matej Lahovnik in Moscow.[19][20] As per earlier 2008 agreement between two countries, on 17 November 2009, Russian Gazprom and Serbian Srbijagas created South Stream Serbia AG in Bern, Switzerland. The joint company was responsible for design, financing, construction and operation of the Serbia section.[21]

On 2 March 2010, Russian Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko and Croatian Economy, Labor and Entrepreneurship Minister Djuro Popijac in the presence of the Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister of Croatia Jadranka Kosor signed an agreement on linking Croatia with South Stream.[22][23] On 19 June 2010, Gazprom, Eni, and Électricité de France published a joint press release confirming that EDF will join the project.[24] On 21 March 2011, Slovenia and Russia signed an agreement regarding the establishment of a joint venture South Stream Slovenia.[25]

The joint venture South Stream AG, equally owned by Gazprom and Eni, was registered on 18 January 2008 in Switzerland.[26] However, on 16 September 2011, a shareholders' agreement was signed between Gazprom, Eni, Électricité de France and Wintershall to establish the new project company South Stream Transport AG for the Black Sea section of the pipeline.[27] The company was incorporated on 3 October 2011 in Zug, Switzerland.

On December 28, 2011 Turkey issued its final agreement for allowing the pipeline to pass through its territorial waters.[28][29] The final investment decision for the Serbian section was signed on 29 October 2012, for the Hungarian section on 2 November 2012, for the Slovenian section on 13 November 2012, and for the Bulgarian section on 15 November 2012.[4][30][31][32] On 15 November 2012, shareholders of South Stream Transport AG signed the final investment decision on the offshore section.[33] The ground-breaking ceremony marking start of construction of the Russian onshore facilities was held on 7 December 2012 at the Russkaya compressor station near Anapa.[33][34][40]

On 25 July 2013, the Vice Premier Republic of Macedonia Zoran Stavreski signed the agreement on linking section through Republic of Macedonia with South Stream.[35]

In March and April 2014, the contracts for laying the first and second lines of the offshore section were awarded to Saipem and Allseas.[36][37] Contracts for the third and fourth line were to be signed in December 2014 and January 2015.[44]

On 17 April 2014, amid Russia's annexation of Crimea, the European Parliament adopted a non-binding resolution opposing the South Stream gas pipeline and recommending a search for alternative sources of gas supplies for the European Union.[38] On 29 April 2014 a memorandum on the implementation of the Austrian section was signed in Moscow. Commissioning of the Austrian section is scheduled by January 2018.[39] In June 2014, Bulgaria temporarily stopped construction due to the European Commission's infringement procedure against Bulgaria for non-compliance with European rules on energy competition public procurements.[40]

In April 2014, Russia filed a complaint at the World Trade Organization against the European Union's energy market laws that were enacted in 2009, claiming that they violate international rules. These laws ban suppliers from owning transit facilities such as gas pipelines, and would force Gazprom to allow third-party gas producers to use the South Stream pipeline.[41]

On 1 December 2014, during a state visit to Turkey, president Putin announced that Russia was withdrawing from the project, blaming Western sanctions and lack of construction permits in the territory of the European Union.[42][43] Russia has started to build a pipeline through Turkey known as Turkish Stream.[44][45]

Along with additional supplied to Turkey, Russian gas, according to Putin, “will be retargeted to other regions of the world, which will be achieved, among other things, through the promotion and accelerated implementation of projects involving liquefied natural gas.” In 2015, the supply of Russian gas to Turkey will be raised by 3 billion cubic meters via the already operating Blue Stream pipeline. Later a new undersea pipeline to Turkey, with an annual capacity around 60 billion cubic metres (bcm) will be built. That will allow Turkey to resell Russian gas to Europe.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

In 2018, Bulgaria's president Rumen Radev proposed that the construction of the South Stream pipeline be resumed.[46]

Route

The pipeline was to consist of the Russian onshore pipeline, the Black Sea section and pipelines in the South- East Europe. The Russian onshore section would have run from the Pochinki compressor station to the Russkaya compressor station near Anapa.[47] The {{convert|931|km|mi|adj=on}} long offshore section was to run from the Russkaya compressor station through the Black Sea to Galata near Varna, Bulgaria.[48] Because of the Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, the pipeline was to be routed through Turkey's waters to avoid the exclusive economic zone of Ukraine.[18][49][50] At the same time Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea would have allowed more direct route through the Crimean waters.[51]

The {{convert|1455|km|mi|adj=on}} long onshore section was to start from Varna and run to Pleven.[33][61] From there, the original southwestern route was to continue through Greece and Ionian Sea to southern Italy.[52] However, this route was abandoned.[49] The newer northwestern route would have continued from Pleven to Serbia. In Serbia, then running through Zaječar and Paraćin to Čenta. From Čenta the main pipeline would have continued in direction of Gospođinci while branch-off line would run to Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[33] Srbijagas planned to construct along Sava river a {{convert|480|km|adj=on}} long branch pipeline with a capacity of {{convert|1.2|e9m3|abbr=off}} to Banja Luka and Sarajevo.[53] It was also surmised that Montenegro could have connected to the pipeline.[54]

Before reaching Gospođinci, the main line was to split. One route would continue through Serbia and Hungary to Baumgarten an der March in Austria. Another route would have continued through Gospođinci and Bački Breg also to Hungary with branch-off to Croatia.[33] In Hungary it would have gone through Hercegszántó and Tornyiszentmiklós to Slovenia and further in direction of Tarvisio to supply northern Italy.[25][55][56][57]

Technical description

The feasibility study of the offshore section was conducted by Saipem, a subsidiary of Eni.[58][59] Planning was done by INTECSEA, a subsidiary of WorleyParsons. Giprospetsgas, an affiliate of

Gazprom, has been appointed as a general design contractor.[60] The offshore pipeline is planned to carry {{convert|63|e9m3|abbr=off}} of natural gas per year.[61] It will have four parallel lines with capacity of {{convert|15.75|e9m3|abbr=off}} each.[33] The offshore pipeline will use pipes with a diameter of {{convert|32|in}}, designed for {{convert|27.73|MPa}} of working pressure and having the pipe wall thickness of {{convert|39|mm|in}}.[62][63] The first line should be ready by the end of 2015, the second and third lines by the end of 2016, and the fourth line by the end of 2017. The offshore section is expected to cost €10 billion.[33][80]

Pipeline sections in Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, and Slovenia would have capacity at least {{convert|10|e9m3|abbr=off}} per year.[20] The onshore pipeline will have eight compressor stations and it is expected to cost €6 billion.[33][64]

At least two gas storage facilities would be constructed of which one would be an underground storage facility in Hungary with capacity of minimum {{convert|1|e9m3|abbr=off}} and another one in Banatski Dvor, Serbia with capacity of {{convert|3.2|e9m3|abbr=off}}.[65][66] Hungarian oil and gas company MOL Group has offered its empty natural gas field at Pusztaföldvár as a {{convert|9|e9m3|abbr=off}} storage facility.[67] British Melrose Resources is planning to convert the Galata offshore field in Bulgaria to a gas storage facility with initial capacity of {{convert|1.7|e9m3|abbr=off}} by 2009.[68] There are also allegations that the South Stream pipeline will be connected to the Wingas-owned Haidach gas storage.

Project companies

The pipeline would be built and operated by several project companies. For the construction and operation of the offshore section of South Stream originally two companies were established, both in Zug in Switzerland with the share capital of 100,000 CHF.[69][70][71] South Stream AG, a joint venture between Gazprom and Eni was incorporated on 18 January 2008, and South Stream Transport AG, a joint company of Gazprom, Eni, Électricité de France, and Wintershall was incorporated on 3 October 2011.[27][70][71] Head of South Stream Transport AG is Marcel Kramer, former chief executive officer of the gas transportation company Gasunie.[69][72] Executive director is Oleg Aksyutin.[48] Gazprom owns 50% of shares of South Stream Transport AG, Eni 20%, and Électricité de France and Wintershall 15% both.[27] In November 2012, it was decided to incorporate South Stream Transport B.V., the current project company, in Amsterdam.[73] Earlier Eni had registered in Amsterdam a company named South Stream BV, but in February 2012 it was renamed Eni JPDA 11-106 BV.[69][74]

The Bulgarian section of the pipeline will be built and operated by a joint venture of Gazprom and Bulgargaz and the Serbian section by the joint venture of Gazprom and Srbijagas.[12][75][76][77] The Hungarian section will be built and operated by the equally owned joint venture between Gazprom and the state-owned Hungarian Development Bank MFB, which will buy the elaborated feasibility study of Hungarian section from SEP Co., a joint venture of Gazprom and MOL.[65][78] The Slovenia section would be built and operated by an equally owned joint venture of Gazprom and Geoplin Plinovodi.[20] For construction of the Croatian section a 50-50 Russian-Croatian joint company would be established.[23]

Implications

Nabucco pipeline project

The South Stream project was seen as a rival to the Nabucco pipeline project.[61] Some experts like Alan Riley from London City University were claiming that the South Stream pipeline is a political project to counter Nabucco and to expand Russian presence in the region.[79]

CEO of Eni Paolo Scaroni proposed to merge Nabucco and South Stream projects to "reduce investments, operational costs and increase overall returns".[80][81] This proposal was rejected by energy minister of Russia Sergei Shmatko saying that "South Stream is more competitive than Nabucco" and that "Nabucco and South Stream are far from being competitors".[82] Also OMV, a partner in both projects, has said that there were no ongoing discussions about merging the projects.[83]

Conflict with Ukraine

South Stream has been seen as diverting some gas transported through Ukraine, instead of providing a new source of gas for Europe.[79] To avoid Ukraine's exclusive economic zone, the pipeline was re-routed through Turkish waters.[18]

Offer to Romano Prodi

Before stepping down from the premiership, Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi received an offer from Gazprom to become the Chairman of South Stream AG. This move was compared with the appointment of the former Chancellor of Germany Gerhard Schröder to lead Nord Stream AG, a consortium operating the Nord Stream pipeline. Prodi has declined this offer.[84] According to the Prodi's spokesman "Prodi was extremely flattered, but reiterated that he wants to take some time off to ponder after leaving Italian politics."[85]

Stroytransgaz contract

In May 2014, it was disclosed that the contract for construction of the Bulgarian section was awarded to Stroytransgaz, a company controlled by Gennady Timchenko though his Volga Group. Earlier Timchenko was included in the sanctions list in the wake of the annexation of Crimea by Russia due to his close ties with President Putin.[86]

See also

{{Portal|Bulgaria|Russia|Engineering|Transport|Economy|Energy}}
  • {{annotated link|TurkStream|aka=Turkish Stream}}
  • {{annotated link|Blue Stream}}
  • {{annotated link|Tesla pipeline}}
  • {{annotated link|Nord Stream}}
  • {{annotated link|Trans Adriatic Pipeline}}
  • {{annotated link|Interconnector Turkey–Greece–Italy}}
  • {{annotated link|Nabucco pipeline}}
  • {{annotated link|Persian Pipeline}}
  • {{annotated link|Energy in Bulgaria}}
  • {{annotated link|Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline}}

References

1. ^{{cite news | newspaper = Upstream Online | publisher = NHST Media Group | url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article1363484.ece | title = EU calls for South Stream suspension | date = 2014-05-28 | accessdate = 2014-06-24 | id = {{subscription required}}}}
2. ^{{cite contribution|last1=Overland| first1=Indra| contribution=The Hunter Becomes the Hunted: Gazprom Encounters EU Regulation |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309502480| editor-last1=Anderson | editor-first1=Svein |editor-last2=Goldthau|editor-first2=Andreas|editor-last3=Sitter|editor-first3=Nick|title="Energy Union: Europe’s New Liberal Mercantilism?"|place=Blasingstoke|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|pages=115–130}}
3. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/01/us-russia-gas-gazprom-pipeline-idUSKCN0JF30A20141201 Putin drops South Stream gas pipeline to EU, courts Turkey], Reuters, Darya Korsunskaya
4. ^{{cite news|author1=By Jim Yardley and Jo Becker|title=How Putin Forged a Pipeline Deal That Derailed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/31/world/europe/how-putin-forged-a-pipeline-deal-that-derailed-.html|accessdate=December 31, 2014|work=The New York Times|publisher=The Times Company|date=December 30, 2014|quote=Mr. Putin, on a state visit to Turkey, announced that South Stream was dead}}
5. ^{{cite news | url=http://neurope.eu/article/russia-pushes-tesla-pipeline-through-balkans/ | title=Greece, Serbia, Hungary, FYROM to sign memorandum on the construction of the pipeline, which should connect the Turkish Stream pipeline with Austria | newspaper = New Europe | first = Kostis | last = Geropoulos |date=2015-08-20 |accessdate=2015-11-24}}
6. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.energypublisher.com/article.asp?id=10031 |title = Eni and Gazprom sign gas pipeline accord for EU |publisher = Energy Publisher |date = 2007-06-23 |accessdate = 2007-06-26 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181649/http://www.energypublisher.com/article.asp?id=10031 |archivedate = 28 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
7. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.scandoil.com/moxie-bm2/news/eni-and-gazprom-sign-the-agreement-for-the-south-s.shtml | title= Eni and Gazprom sign the agreement for the South Stream Project | newspaper=Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine | date=2007-11-23 | accessdate=2008-02-24}}
8. ^{{cite news |publisher = AGI News |url = http://www.agi.it/business/news/200801181526-ene-ren0051-art.html |title = Eni: Agreement Russia and Bulgaria on South Stream |date = 2008-01-18 |accessdate = 2008-01-18 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://archive.is/20090113140648/http://www.agi.it/business/news/200801181526-ene-ren0051-art.html |archivedate = 13 January 2009 |df = dmy-all}}
9. ^{{cite news | work = Novinite | url= Bulgaria Parliament Ratifies South Stream Gas Pipeline Agreement | title= Bulgarian Parliament Ratifies South Stream Deal | date=2008-07-25 | accessdate=2018-11-04}}
10. ^{{cite news | newspaper = Upstream Online | publisher = NHST Media Group | url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article125148.ece | title= Serbia signs up for gas pipe study | date=2006-12-20 | accessdate=2008-02-26 | id = {{subscription required}}}}
11. ^{{cite news | url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKL2515142420080125?sp=true | title=Serbia signs strategic energy deal with Russia | agency = Reuters | date=2008-01-25 | accessdate=2008-01-25}}
12. ^1 {{cite news | url= http://twocircles.net/2008feb25/russia_serbia_sign_gas_pipeline_deal.html | title=Russia, Serbia Sign Gas Pipeline Deal | agency = RIA Novosti | date=2008-02-25 | accessdate=2018-11-04}}
13. ^{{cite news | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKL2530997220080225 | title = Russia wins Hungary for South Stream gas project | first1 = Oleg | last1 = Shchedrov | first2 = Dmitry | last2 = Solovyov | agency = Reuters | date = 2008-02-25 | accessdate = 2008-02-25}}
14. ^{{cite news | agency = RIA Novosti | url = http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080228/100273874.html | title= Hungary officially joins South Stream project | date=2008-02-18 | accessdate=2008-02-28}}
15. ^{{cite news | url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=10495 | title=Russia, Greece Sign South Stream Deal | publisher=Downstream Today | agency = Xinhua | date=2008-04-29 | accessdate=2008-05-10}}
16. ^{{cite news | url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUKTRE54E1ZL20090515?sp=true | title= Russia seeks to speed up South Stream with new deals | first = Dmitry | last = Zhdannikov | agency = Reuters | date=2009-05-15 | accessdate=2009-05-16}}
17. ^{{cite news | url= http://paper.standartnews.com/en/article.php?d=2009-05-16&article=27520 | title= South Stream Flows out of Sochi with New Pipes Cutting through Bulgaria | newspaper = Standart | date=2009-05-15 | accessdate=2009-05-16}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite news | url= https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601100&sid=a.TM4QijmIMk | title= Turkey Offers Route for Gazprom's South Stream Gas Pipeline | author= Lyubov Pronina, Ali Berat Meric | agency = Bloomberg | date= 6 August 2009 | accessdate= 6 August 2009}}
19. ^{{cite news | agency = Reuters | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL941099920091109 | title= Slovenia to sign South Stream deal on Saturday | author = Marja Novak | date=2009-11-09 | accessdate=2009-11-09}}
20. ^1 2 {{cite news | agency = Bloomberg | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aKJI8Ras.5l8 | title= Russia, Slovenia Sign South Stream Gas Pipe Accord | author = Stephen Bierman, Anna Shiryaevskaya | date=2009-11-14 | accessdate=2009-11-14}}
21. ^{{cite press release | publisher=Gazprom | url = http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2009/november/article71282/ | title= Gazprom and Srbijagas Create South Stream Serbia AG Joint Venture | date=2009-11-17 | accessdate=2009-11-18}}
22. ^{{cite news | agency = Reuters | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6211TR20100302 | title= Slovenia to sign South Stream deal on Saturday | first1 = Dasha |last1 = Korsunskaya | first2 = Vladimir | last2 = Soldatkin | date=2010-03-02 | accessdate=2010-03-03}}
23. ^1 {{cite news | newspaper =The Moscow Times | url = http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/croatia-agrees-to-join-south-stream/400828.html | title= Croatia Agrees to Join South Stream | author = Anatoly Medetsky | date=2010-03-02 | accessdate=2010-03-03}}
24. ^{{cite news | url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE65I0DV20100619 | title = France's EDF to get South Stream stake from ENI | last = Soldatkin | first = Vladimir | agency = Reuters | date = 2010-06-19 | accessdate = 2010-07-07}}
25. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://24ur.com/novice/gospodarstvo/uresnicuje-se-projekt-juzni-tok.html |title=Sporazum o Južnem toku je podpisan |publisher=MMC RTV Slovenia |trans-title=The agreement on South Stream has been signed |language=Slovenian |date=22 March 2011 |accessdate = 2011-10-14}}
26. ^{{cite news | publisher=Forbes | url = https://www.forbes.com/afxnewslimited/feeds/afx/2008/01/18/afx4548113.html | title= Eni, Gazprom set up company for South Stream gas pipeline | date=2008-01-18 | accessdate=2008-02-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604004138/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/01/18/afx4548113.html |archivedate=2011-06-04 |deadurl = yes}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite news | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903927204576574182325712222 | title= Companies Sign South Stream Deal | first = Jacob | last = Gronholt-Pedersen | date=2011-09-16 | accessdate=2011-09-16}}
28. ^{{cite news |url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/1847418 |script-title=ru:Турция впустила "Южный поток" |trans-title=Turkey allowed the South Stream in |newspaper=Kommersant |first=Anna |last = Rozova |date=2011-12-28 |accessdate=2011-12-28 |language = Russian}}
29. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.sundayszaman.com/sunday/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=269869 |title = Turkey and Russia develop strategic alliance |newspaper = Today's Zaman |first = Faruk |last = Akkan |date = 2012-01-29 |accessdate = 2012-02-20}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
30. ^{{cite press release |url= http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2012/october/article147239/ |title= Gazprom and Serbia sign final investment decision on South Stream |publisher= Gazprom |date=2012-10-29 |accessdate=2012-11-17}}
31. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.euro-petrole.com/final-investment-decision-approved-for-south-stream-in-hungary-n-i-6739 |title= Final investment decision approved for South Stream in Hungary |publisher= Europétrole |date=2012-11-02 |accessdate=2012-11-17}}
32. ^{{cite news |url= http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/11/13/final_investment_decision_made_for_south_stream_in_slovenia_20050.html |title= Final investment decision made for South Stream in Slovenia |newspaper= Russia Behind The Headlines |agency = Interfax |date=2012-11-13 |accessdate=2012-11-17}}
33. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite news |url= http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/NaturalGas/8916177 |title= Russia, Bulgaria sign final investment decision on South Stream gas pipeline |work=Platts |first= Nadia |last = Rodova |date=2012-11-15 |accessdate=2012-11-17}}
34. ^{{cite news | publisher = The Jamestown Foundation | newspaper = Eurasia Daily Monitor | first = Margarita | last = Assenova | url = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=40126&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=49f127243ffb0e34deeed7bd143eaf44 | title= EU and US Policy on South Stream Remains Ambiguous | date=2012-11-16 | accessdate=2012-11-17}}
35. ^{{cite news | newspaper = Balkan Insight | url = http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/south-stream-halt-will-not-affect-macedonia | title= Macedonia Shrugs Over Halt to South Stream Pipeline | agency= BIRN | date=2014-06-10 | accessdate=2014-06-24}}
36. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2014/03/saipem-clinches-first-phase-south-stream-offshore-pipelay.html | title= Saipem clinches first-phase South Stream offshore pipelay | work = Offshore Magazine | publisher = Pennwell Corporation | date=2014-03-18 | accessdate=2014-06-24}}
37. ^{{cite news | url = http://pipelinesinternational.com/news/south_stream_returning_to_austria/087177/ | title= South Stream returning to Austria | work = Pipeline International | date=2014-05-08 | accessdate=2014-06-24}}
38. ^{{cite news | work = Novinite | url = http://www.novinite.com/articles/159923/MEPs+Oppose+South+Stream,+Seek+Sanctions+against+Russian+Energy+Firms | title= MEPs Oppose South Stream, Seek Sanctions against Russian Energy Firms | date=2014-04-17 | accessdate=2014-06-24}}
39. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.euractiv.com/sections/energy/gazprom-lures-austria-south-stream-branch-301846 | title = Gazprom lures Austria with South Stream branch | date = 30 April 2014 | work = EurActiv | accessdate = 30 April 2014}}
40. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.euractiv.com/sections/energy/austria-pleads-south-stream-pipeline-303010 | title = Austria pleads for South Stream pipeline | date = 2014-06-24 | work = EurActiv | accessdate = 2014-06-24}}
41. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.yahoo.com/russia-challenges-eu-energy-market-rules-122212581--finance.html | title=Russia challenges EU energy market rules | agency = Associated Press | date= 1 May 2014 | publisher=Yahoo News | accessdate= 2 May 2014}}
42. ^1 {{cite news | work = RIA Novosti | url = http://sputniknews.com/business/20141201/1015368062.html | title= Putin: Russia Cannot Continue South Stream Construction in Current Situation | date=2014-12-01 | accessdate=2014-12-01}}
43. ^{{cite news | work = BBC News | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30283571 | title= Russia drops South Stream gas pipeline plan | date=2014-12-01 | accessdate=2014-12-01}}
44. ^{{cite news|last1=Reed|first1=Stanley|last2=Arsu|first2=Sebnem|title=Russia Presses Ahead With Plan for Gas Pipeline to Turkey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/22/business/international/russia-presses-ahead-with-plan-for-gas-pipeline-to-turkey.html?mabReward=A3|accessdate=23 January 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=21 January 2015}}
45. ^{{Cite web |url= https://sputniknews.com/business/201708181056584795-turkish-stream-russia-sanctions/|title=Turkish Stream Pipeline Will Be Built on Time Despite US Sanctions - Minister| work =Sputnik| access-date=2017-09-02}}
46. ^https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/radev-pleads-in-moscow-for-bulgarian-stream-pipeline/
47. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article1300410.ece | title = Gazprom starts work on South Stream | newspaper = Upstream Online | publisher = NHST Media Group | date = 2012-12-07 | accessdate = 2012-12-10}}
48. ^1 2 {{cite news | url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/hardcopy/financial/article1363541.ece | title = South Stream prepares deals for Black Sea lines | newspaper = Upstream Online | publisher = NHST Media Group | date = 2014-05-30 | accessdate = 2014-06-24}}
49. ^1 {{cite news | publisher = The Jamestown Foundation | newspaper = Eurasia Daily Monitor | first = Vladimir | last = Socor | authorlink = Vladimir Socor | url = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bany_of_the_words%5D=South%20Stream&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=34495&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=9422e92d79 | title= Gazprom Reveals Unaffordable Costs of South Stream Project | date=2009-02-12 | accessdate=2009-02-13}}
50. ^{{cite news |newspaper = Today's Zaman |url = http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=166596 |title = Russia seeks Turkey's permission for South Stream studies |date = 2009-02-11 |accessdate = 2009-02-13}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
51. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/18/world/europe/in-taking-crimea-putin-gains-a-sea-of-fuel-reserves.html?_r=0 | title = In taking Crimea, Putin gains a sea of fuel reserves | newspaper = The New York Times | first = William J. | last = Broad | date= 2014-05-17 | accessdate = 2014-06-24}}
52. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article152432.ece | title = Greece steps up for South Stream | newspaper = Upstream Online | publisher = NHST Media Group | date = 2008-04-15 | accessdate = 2008-04-19}}
53. ^{{cite news | agency = Reuters | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUKLF61641220091015 | title= Serbia's gas monopoly eyes pipeline in Bosnia | first = Ivana | last = Sekularac | date=2009-10-15 | accessdate=2009-10-28}}
54. ^{{cite news |work = Turkish Weekly |url = http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/130982/montenegro-joins-south-stream-gas-pipeline.html |title = Montenegro Joins South Stream Gas Pipeline |date = 2012-02-03 |accessdate = 2012-10-12 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120531074403/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/130982/montenegro-joins-south-stream-gas-pipeline.html |archivedate = 31 May 2012 |df = dmy-all}}
55. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article152593.ece | title = OMV calls for South Stream through Austria | newspaper = Upstream Online | publisher = NHST Media Group | date = 2008-04-17 | accessdate = 2008-04-19}}
56. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article152282.ece | title = Slovenia eyes South Stream berth | newspaper = Upstream Online | publisher = NHST Media Group | date = 2008-04-11 | accessdate = 2008-04-19}}
57. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=11314 | title = Gazprom: South Stream To Cross Slovenia | publisher = Downstream Today | agency = STA | date = 2008-06-11 | accessdate = 2008-06-12}}
58. ^{{cite news | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/01/18/bulgaria-putin-idUSL1871461920080118 | title = Bulgaria signs up for Russian natural gas project | first1 = Tsvetelia | last1 = Ilieva | first2 = Oleg | last2 = Shchedrov | agency = Reuters | date=2008-01-18 | accessdate=2008-01-19}}
59. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article160100.ece | title = South Stream price tag hits $20bn | newspaper = Upstream Online | publisher = NHST Media Group | date=2008-07-30 | accessdate=2008-07-30 | id = {{subscription required}}}}
60. ^{{cite journal |url = http://www.intecsea.com/documents/quarterly_journals/INT_QJ3_1209.pdf |title = Gazprom's South Stream project crossing the Black Sea |first1 = Alex |last1 = Mayants |journal = INTECSEA Quarterly Journal |publisher = INTECSEA |year = 2009 |accessdate = 2011-10-25 |issue = Q3 |format = PDF |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100705064710/http://www.intecsea.com/documents/quarterly_journals/INT_QJ3_1209.pdf |archivedate = 5 July 2010 |df = dmy-all}}
61. ^1 2 {{cite news | url = http://downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=16386 | title = Gazprom Agrees To Boost Pipeline Capacity | publisher = Downstream Today | agency = Deutsche Presse-Agentur | date = 2009-05-15 | accessdate = 2009-05-16}}
62. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.lngworldnews.com/gazprom-says-large-diameter-pipe-purchases-to-rise-30-percent-in-2011-russia/ | title = Gazprom says large diameter pipe purchases to rise 30 percent in 2011 | work = LNG World News | date = 2011-09-22 | accessdate = 2011-09-22}}
63. ^{{cite press release |url = http://td.omk.ru/en/press_centre/printable.php?id9=2351 |title = VSW Produces a Qualification Batch of LDP for the South Stream Project |publisher = OMK |date = 2011-03-21 |accessdate = 2011-10-25}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
64. ^1 {{cite press release| url = http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2011/december/article127170/| title = Ukrainian gas transmission system may cost more than South Stream construction| publisher = Gazprom| date = 2011-12-30}}| accessdate = 2012-02-20
65. ^1 {{cite news |url = http://www.kommersant.com/p859205/South_Stream/ |title = Ukraine Surfaced in South Stream Project |newspaper = Kommersant |date = 2008-02-29 |accessdate = 2008-03-02 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080306004204/http://www.kommersant.com/p859205/South_Stream/ |archivedate = 6 March 2008 |df = dmy-all}}
66. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372701 | title = Gazprom set to pounce on Serbia as Putin moves into the Balkans | first = Vladimir | last = Socor | authorlink= Vladimir Socor | publisher = The Jamestown Foundation | newspaper = Eurasia Daily Monitor | date = 2008-01-09 | accessdate = 2008-06-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080313041331/http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372701 | archivedate = 2008-03-13}}
67. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.hatc.hu/enter.php?aid=45691 | title = MOL offers reserve for South Stream | publisher = Hungary Around the Clock | date = 2008-05-05 | accessdate = 2008-05-18}}
68. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.sharecast.com/cgi-bin/sharecast/story.cgi?story_id=2180770 |title = Melrose leaps on Bulgarian gas storage news |publisher = ShareCast |date = 2008-06-25 |accessdate = 2008-07-25 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716051419/http://www.sharecast.com/cgi-bin/sharecast/story.cgi?story_id=2180770 |archivedate = 16 July 2011 |df = dmy-all}}
69. ^1 2 {{cite news |url= http://www.interfax.co.uk/russia-energy-news/south-stream-might-move-from-switzerland-to-holland/ |agency = Interfax |title= South Stream might move from Switzerland to Holland |date= 2012-08-06 |accessdate= 2012-09-15 |id = {{required subscription}}}}
70. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.moneyhouse.ch/u/south_stream_ag_CH-170.3.031.763-0.htm | title = South Stream AG, Zug | publisher = itonex ag | accessdate = 2008-02-27 | language=German}}
71. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.moneyhouse.ch/en/u/south_stream_transport_ag_CH-170.3.036.137-8.htm | title = South Stream Transport AG, Zug | publisher = itonex ag | accessdate = 2012-02-20 | language=German}}
72. ^{{cite press release |url = http://www.gazprom.com/press/reportages/marcel-kramer-15-10-10/ |title = Marcel Kramer: I am absolutely confident in South Stream's future |publisher = Gazprom |date = 2010-10-15 |accessdate = 2010-10-28 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101024172236/http://www.gazprom.com/press/reportages/marcel-kramer-15-10-10/ |archivedate = 24 October 2010 |df = dmy-all}}
73. ^{{cite press release | url= http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2012/november/article148506/ | title = Final investment decision adopted for South Stream offshore section | publisher = Gazprom | date = 2012-11-15 | accessdate = 2012-11-17}}
74. ^{{cite news | url= http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39769&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=13&cHash=c41ec0e4a84725a2707d22e6d9e1366c | title= Moscow Can Use West-European Partners in South Stream Project | first = Vladimir | last = Socor | authorlink = Vladimir Socor | volume = 9 | issue = 156 | publisher =Jamestown Foundation | work = Eurasia Daily Monitor | date=2012-08-15 | accessdate=2012-09-15}}
75. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2010/10/18/feature-02 |newspaper = The Southeast European Times |accessdate=2010-10-18 |title=South Stream project gets new momentum in Bulgaria |date=2010-10-18}}
76. ^{{cite news | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKL2534673120080225 | title = Russia and Serbia firm up gas pipeline deal | first1 = Oleg | last1 = Shchedrov | first2 = Ellie | last2 = Tzortzi | agency = Reuters | date = 2008-02-25 | accessdate = 2008-02-25}}
77. ^{{cite news | newspaper = Financial Times | title = Medvedev shows support for Serbia | url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/de8f95e0-e3ae-11dc-8799-0000779fd2ac.html | first = Neil | last = MacDonald | date = 2008-02-25 | accessdate=2008-02-26 | subscription = yes}}
78. ^{{cite news | newspaper = Upstream Online | publisher = NHST Media Group | url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article149592.ece | title= Budapest does South Stream sums | date=2008-02-28 | accessdate=2008-03-01 | id = {{subscription required}}}}
79. ^1 {{cite news | newspaper = The Southeast European Times | title = Energy security: South Stream vs. Nabucco gas pipelines | first = Valentina | last = Pop | url= http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2008/02/14/feature-02 | date = 2008-02-14 | accessdate=2008-02-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080219235341/http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2008/02/14/feature-02 | archive-date= 2008-02-19 | dead-url= yes}}
80. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Resource-Wars/2010/03/11/ENI-calls-for-South-Stream-Nabucco-links/UPI-96591268317232/ | title = ENI calls for South Stream, Nabucco links | agency = United Press International | date = 2010-03-11 | accessdate = 2010-03-20}}
81. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=avHMERVnSuec | title = Europe Needs to Push Gas Infrastructure Spending, Scaroni Says | agency = Bloomberg | first1 = Andres R. | last1 = Martinez | first2 = Jessica | last2 = Resnick-Ault | date = 2010-03-10 | accessdate = 2010-03-20}}
82. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ae4.eb4lPqjk | title = Russia Rejects Eni Call to Merge Europe Gas Pipelines | first = Anna | last = Shiryaevskaya | agency = Bloomberg | date = 2010-03-15 | accessdate = 2010-03-20}}
83. ^{{cite news | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE62H16Z20100318?sp=true | title = OMV says no ongoing talks to merge rival pipelines | first = Thomas | last = Grove | agency = Reuters | date = 2010-03-18 | accessdate = 2010-03-20}}
84. ^{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | first =Judy | last = Dempsey | title = Gazprom courts Prodi as pipeline chief | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-gazprom.4.12404427.html?scp=1&sq=gazprom%20courts%20Prodi%20as%20pipeline%20chief&st=cse | date = 2008-04-28 | accessdate=2011-10-14}}
85. ^{{cite news | publisher= Downstream Today | agency = Dow Jones Newswires | first1 = Luca | last1 = Di Leo | first2 = Liam | last2 = Moloney | title = Outgoing Italian Premier Turns Down Top Job for South Stream | url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=10465 | date = 2008-04-28 | accessdate=2008-05-10}}
86. ^{{cite news | work = Novinite | url = http://www.novinite.com/articles/160891/Sanctioned+Russian+Tycoon++Wins+Bulgaria%27s+South+Stream+Bid | title= Sanctioned Russian Tycoon Wins Bulgaria's South Stream Bid | date=2014-05-27 | accessdate=2014-06-24}}

External links

{{Commons category|South Stream}}
  • South Stream official Web site
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120311/http://www.southstream.ch/ South Stream AG]
  • Projected Gas Routes to Europe
  • Croatia Agrees To Join South Stream
  • Republic of Macedonia Agrees To Join South Stream
{{Pipeline Systems of Russia}}{{Black Sea Energy}}

13 : Natural gas pipelines in Russia|Natural gas pipelines in Turkey|Natural gas pipelines in Italy|Natural gas pipelines in Bulgaria|Natural gas pipelines in Serbia|Natural gas pipelines in Slovenia|Proposed pipelines in Europe|Gazprom pipelines|Eni|Électricité de France|Pipelines under the Black Sea|Black Sea energy|Cancelled energy projects
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