词条 | Southwestern Mandarin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
|name=Southwestern Mandarin |nativename=Upper Yangtze Mandarin |region=Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Lào Cai in Northern Vietnam, Laos, Kokang in northern Myanmar, Wa State, Chiang Mai in Thailand, Cambodia, Hong Kong |speakers=260 million |date=2012 | nation = {{flag|Myanmar}} (Wa State, Kokang Self-Administered Zone) |ref=[1] |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |fam2=Chinese |fam3=Mandarin |map=Mandarín del Suroeste.png |isoexception=dialect |iso6=xghu |glotto=xina1239 |glottorefname=Southwestern Guanhua |lingua=79-AAA-bh }}Southwestern Mandarin ({{Zh|s=西南官话|t=西南官話|p=Xīnán Guānhuà}}), also known as Upper Yangtze Mandarin ({{Zh|s=上江官话|t=上江官話|p=Shàngjiāng Guānhuà}}), is a primary branch of Mandarin Chinese spoken in much of central and southwestern China, including in Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guizhou, most parts of Hubei, the northwestern part of Hunan, the northern part of Guangxi, and some southern parts of Shaanxi and Gansu. Some forms of Southwest Mandarin are not entirely mutually intelligible with Standard Chinese or other forms of Mandarin.[2] Varieties of Southwestern Mandarin are spoken by roughly 260 million people.[1] If considered a language distinct from Mandarin, it would have the eighth-most native speakers in the world, behind Mandarin itself, Spanish, English, Hindi, Portuguese, Arabic and Bengali. OverviewModern Southwestern Mandarin was formed by the waves of immigrants brought to the regions during the Ming[3][4] and Qing Dynasties.[5] Because of this comparatively recent move, these dialects show more similarity to modern Standard Mandarin than to other varieties of Chinese like Cantonese or Hokkien. For example, like most southern Chinese dialects, Southwestern Mandarin does not possess the retroflex consonants (zh, ch, sh, r) of Standard Mandarin, but nor does it retain the checked tone, as most southern dialects do. The Chengdu-Chongqing and Hubei dialects are believed to reflect aspects of the Mandarin lingua franca spoken during the Ming.[6] However, some scholars believe its origins may be more similar to Lower Yangtze Mandarin.[7] Though part of the Mandarin group, Southwestern Mandarin has many striking and pronounced differences with Standard Mandarin such that, until 1955, it was generally categorized alongside Cantonese and Wu Chinese as a branch of Chinese varieties.[8] Southwestern Mandarin is commonly spoken in Kokang district in northern Myanmar, where the population consists largely of the Kokang. Southwestern Mandarin is also one of two official languages of the Wa State, an unrecognized autonomous state within Myanmar, alongside the Wa language. Because Wa has no written form, Chinese is the official working language of the Wa State government.[9][10] Some of its speakers, known as the Chin Haw, live in Thailand.[11] It is also spoken in parts of Northern Vietnam.[12] Ethnic minorities in Vietnam's Lào Cai province used to speak Southwestern Mandarin to each other when their languages were not mutually intelligible.[13] Southwestern Mandarin is also used between different ethnic minorities in Yunnan[14][15] and Guangxi.[4][16][17] PhonologyTonesMost Southwestern Mandarin dialects have, like Standard Mandarin, only retained four of the original eight tones of Middle Chinese. However, the entering tone has completely merged with the light-level tone in most Southwestern dialects, while in Standard Mandarin it is seemingly randomly dispersed among the remaining tones.
SyllablesSouthwestern Mandarin dialects do not possess the retroflex consonants of Standard Mandarin, but otherwise share most Mandarin phonological features. Most have lost the distinction between the nasal consonant /n/ and the lateral consonant /l/ and the nasal finals /-n/ and /-ŋ/. For example, the sounds "la" and "na" are generally indistinguishable, as well as the sounds "fen" and "feng". Some varieties also lack a distinction between the labiodental /f/ and the glottal /h/. SubdivisionsSouthwestern Mandarin was classified into twelve dialect groups in the Language Atlas of China:[19]
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book | author = Chinese Academy of Social Sciences | script-title = 中国语言地图集(第2版):汉语方言卷 | title = Zhōngguó yǔyán dìtú jí (dì 2 bǎn): Hànyǔ fāngyán juǎn | trans-title = Language Atlas of China (2nd edition): Chinese dialect volume | publisher = The Commercial Press | location = Beijing | year = 2012 | page = 3 }} {{Chinese_language}}2. ^{{cite web|title=Extra-Linguistic Data for Understanding Dialect Mutual Intelligibility|url=https://robertlindsay.wordpress.com/2008/12/27/a-reworking-of-chinese-language-classification/|last=Cheng|first=Chin-Chuan}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Holm|first=David|authorlink=David Holm|title=Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ0zAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|year=2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-24216-6|page=42}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|last=Tsung|first=Linda|title=Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XUeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|year=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-5574-0|page=239}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Chew|first=Phyllis Ghim-Lian|title=Emergent Lingua Francas and World Orders: The Politics and Place of English as a World Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GebbugVBeEAC&pg=PA162|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-23557-0|page=162}} 6. ^Zhou and Xu 周及徐, 2005. "The pronunciation and historical evolution of '虽遂'-class characters in Ba-Shu dialects" 《巴蜀方言中“虽遂”等字的读音及历史演变》, Zhonghua Wenhua Luntan 中华文化论坛. 7. ^Wang Qing 王庆, 2007. "Consonants in Ming Dynasty Repopulation Area Dialects and Southern Mandarin" 《明代人口重建地区方言的知照系声母与南系官话》, Chongqing Normal University Journal 重庆师范大学学报. 8. ^Liu Xiaomei 刘晓梅 and Li Rulong 李如龙, 2003. "Special Vocabulary Research in Mandarin Dialects" 《官话方言特征词研究》, Yuwen Yanjiu 语文研究. 9. ^Interactive Myanmar Map, The Stimson Center 10. ^Wa, Infomekong 11. ^{{cite book|last=Clyne|first=Michael G.|authorlink=Michael G. Clyne|title=Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC&pg=PA306|year=1992|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-012855-0|page=306}} 12. ^{{cite book|title=Politics of Ethnic Classification in Vietnam|first= Masako |last=Ito|year=|publisher=}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Ito|first=Masako|title=Politics of Ethnic Classification in Vietnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpOJWLT1J7gC&pg=PA137|year=2013|publisher=Kyoto University Press|isbn=978-1-920901-72-1|page=137}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Volker|first1=Craig Alan|last2=Anderson|first2=Fred E.|title=Education in Languages of Lesser Power: Asia-Pacific Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFdhBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT68|year=2015|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-6958-4|page=68}} 15. ^{{cite book|last=Pelkey|first=Jamin R.|title=Dialectology as Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMUHAqCwuG8C&pg=PA154|year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024585-1|page=154}} 16. ^{{cite book|last=Holm|first=David|authorlink=David Holm|title=Killing a buffalo for the ancestors: a Zhuang cosmological text from Southwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KusMAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Southeast Asia Publications, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University|isbn=978-1-891134-25-8}} 17. ^{{cite book|last=Harper|first=Damian|title=China's Southwest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgOGbpzDA5YC&pg=PA151|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-185-9|page=151}} 18. ^Li Lan 李蓝, 2009, Southwestern Mandarin Areas (Draft) 19. ^{{cite book | last=Kurpaska | first=Maria | title=Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | year=2010 | isbn=978-3-11-021914-2 | pages=66–67}} 6 : Sichuanese|Mandarin Chinese|Languages of Thailand|Languages of Vietnam|Languages of Myanmar|Languages of Laos |
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