词条 | Space food |
释义 |
Space food is a type of food product created and processed for consumption by astronauts in outer space. The food has specific requirements of providing balanced nutrition for individuals working in space, while being easy and safe to store, prepare and consume in the machinery-filled weightless environments of manned spacecraft. In recent years, space food has been used by various nations engaging on space programs as a way to share and show off their cultural identity and facilitate intercultural communication. Although astronauts consume a wide variety of foods and beverages in space, the initial idea from The Man in Space Committee of the Space Science Board in 1963 was to supply astronauts with a formula diet that would supply all the needed vitamins and nutrients.[1] Early historyFor lunch on Vostok I (1961) Yuri Gagarin ate from three 160 g toothpaste-type tubes, two of which contained servings of puréed meat and one which contained chocolate sauce. In August 1961, Soviet Cosmonaut Gherman Titov became the first human to experience space sickness on Vostok II; he holds the record for being the first person to vomit in space.[2] According to Lane and Feeback, this event "heralded the need for space flight nutrition."[3] One of John Glenn's many tasks, as the first American to orbit Earth in 1962, was to experiment with eating in weightless conditions. Some experts had been concerned that weightlessness would impair swallowing. Glenn experienced no such difficulties and it was determined that microgravity did not affect the natural swallowing process, which is enabled by the peristalsis of the esophagus. Astronauts in later Mercury missions (1959–1963) disliked the food that was provided. They ate bite-sized cubes, freeze-dried powders, and tubes of semiliquids. The astronauts found it unappetizing, experienced difficulties in rehydrating the freeze-dried foods, and did not like having to squeeze tubes or collect crumbs.[4] Prior to the mission, the astronauts were also fed low residual launch-day breakfasts, to reduce the chances that they would defecate in flight.[4] Project Gemini and Apollo (1965–1975)Several of the food issues from the Mercury missions were addressed for the later Gemini missions (1965–1966). Tubes (often heavier than the foods they contained) were abandoned. Gelatin coatings helped to prevent bite-sized cubes from crumbling. Simpler rehydration methods were developed. The menus also expanded to include items such as shrimp cocktail, chicken and vegetables, toast squares, butterscotch pudding, and apple juice.[4] The crew of Gemini III sneaked a corned beef sandwich on their spaceflight. Mission Commander Gus Grissom loved corned beef sandwiches, so Pilot John Young brought one along, having been encouraged by fellow astronaut Walter Schirra. However, Young was supposed to eat only approved food, and Grissom was not supposed to eat anything. Floating pieces of bread posed a potential problem, causing Grissom to put the sandwich away (although he did enjoy it)[5] and the astronauts were mildly rebuked by NASA for the act. A congressional hearing was called, forcing the NASA deputy administrator George Mueller to promise no repeats. NASA took special care about what astronauts brought along on future missions.[6][7][8] Prior to the Apollo program (1968–1975), early space food development was conducted at the US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine and the Natick Army Labs.[3] The variety of food options continued to expand for the Apollo missions. The new availability of hot water made rehydrating freeze-dried foods simpler, and produced a more appetizing result. The "spoon-bowl" allowed more normal eating practices. Food could be kept in special plastic zip-closure containers, and its moisture allowed it to stick to a spoon.[4] Apollo 11 (1969)On Sunday, 20 July 1969, Buzz Aldrin, on the moon, partook of the Presbyterian Christian sacrament of Holy Communion, which had been consecrated by his pastor, the Rev. Dean Woodruff, two weeks prior to the space mission.[9] {{quotation|I poured the wine into the chalice our church had given me. In the one-sixth gravity of the moon the wine curled slowly and gracefully up the side of the cup. It was interesting to think that the very first liquid ever poured on the moon, and the first food eaten there, were communion elements. —Buzz Aldrin[9]}}Aldrin received the Eucharist in the same hour that his local church did on that Sunday Sabbath and he later stated that "I sensed especially strongly my unity with our church back home, and with the Church everywhere".[9] Skylab (1973–1974)Larger living areas on the Skylab space station (1973–1974) allowed for an on-board refrigerator and freezer, which allowed perishable and frozen items to be stored and made microgravity the primary obstacle.[16]{{rp|142–144}} When Skylab's solar panels were damaged during its launch and the station had to rely on minimal power from the Apollo Telescope Mount until Skylab 2 crewmembers performed repairs, the refrigerator and freezer were among the systems that Mission Control kept operational. Menus included 72 items; for the first time about 15% was frozen. Shrimp cocktail and butter cookies were consistent favorites; Lobster Newburg, fresh bread,{{r|bourland20060407}} processed meat products, and ice cream were among other choices. A dining room table and chairs, fastened to the floor and fitted with foot and thigh restraints, allowed for a more normal eating experience. The trays used could warm the food, and had magnets to hold eating utensils and scissors used for opening food containers.[10]{{rp|142–144}}[11]{{rp|29}} The food was similar to that used for Apollo, but canned for preservation;{{r|bourland20060407}} the crew found it to be better than that of Apollo but still unsatisfying, partially due to food tasting different in space than on Earth.[10]{{rp|292–293,308}} The frozen foods were the most popular, and they enjoyed spicy foods[11]{{rp|130}} due to head congestion from weightlessness dulling their senses of taste and smell.[10]{{rp|292–293,308}} Weightlessness also complicated both eating and cleaning up; crews spent up to 90 minutes a day on housekeeping.[12] After astronaut requests, NASA bought Paul Masson Rare Cream Sherry for one Skylab mission and packaged some for testing on a reduced gravity aircraft. In microgravity smells quickly permeate the environment and the agency found that the sherry triggered the gag reflex. Concern over public reaction to taking alcohol into space led NASA to abandon its plans, so astronauts drank the purchased supply while consuming their pre-mission special diet.[13] The astronauts of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1975) received samples of Soviet space food when the combined crew dined together. Among the foods provided by Soyuz 19 were canned beef tongue, packaged Riga bread, and tubes of borscht (beet soup) and caviar. The borscht was labeled "vodka".[14] Interkosmos (1978–1988)As part of the Interkosmos space program, allies of the Soviet Union have actively participated in the research and deployment of space technologies. The Institute of Cryobiology and Lyophilization (now the Institute of Cryobiology and Food Technology), founded in 1973 as a part of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, has since produced space food for the purposes of the program.[15][16] The menu includes traditional Bulgarian dishes such as tarator, sarma, musaka, lyutenitza, kiselo mlyako, dried vegetables and fruits, etc.[17][18] ModernToday, fruits and vegetables that can be safely stored at room temperature are eaten on space flights. Astronauts also have a greater variety of main courses to choose from, and many request personalized menus from lists of available foods including items like fruit salad and spaghetti. Astronauts sometimes request beef jerky for flights, as it is lightweight, calorie dense, and can be consumed in orbit without packaging or other changes.
NASA's Advanced Food Technology Project (AFT) is currently researching ways to ensure an adequate food supply for long-duration space exploration missions.[31] ProcessingDesigning food for consumption in space is an often difficult process. Foods must meet a number of criteria to be considered fit for space. Firstly, the food must be physiologically appropriate. Specifically, it must be nutritious, easily digestible, and palatable. Secondly, the food must be engineered for consumption in a zero gravity environment. As such, the food must be light, well packaged, fast to serve and require minimal cleaning up. (Foods that tend to leave crumbs, for example, are ill-suited for space.) Finally, foods require a minimum of energy expenditure throughout their use; they must store well, open easily and leave little waste behind. Carbonated drinks have been tried in space, but are not favored due to changes in belching caused by microgravity; without gravity to separate the liquid and gas in the stomach, burping results in a kind of vomiting called "wet burping".[32] Coca-Cola and Pepsi were first carried on STS-51-F in 1985. Coca-Cola has flown on subsequent missions in a specially designed dispenser that utilizes BioServe Space Technologies hardware used for biochemical experiments. Space Station Mir carried cans of Pepsi in 1996. Beer has also been developed that counteracts the reduction of taste and smell reception in space and reduces the possibility of wet belches (vomiting caused by belching) in microgravity. Produced by Vostok 4-Pines Stout, a parabolic flight experiment validated that the reduced carbonation recipe met the criteria intended for space.[33] Barley harvested from crops grown for several generations in space has also been brought back to Earth to produce beer. While not a space food (it used the same high carbonation 'Earth' recipe), the study did demonstrate that ingredients grown in space are safe for production.[34]Space bread has proved elusive because of a variety of challenges. By 2012 a method was suggested where dough is leavened by dissolved {{chem2|CO2}} (as opposed to yeast) and cooked by a low-temperature process. This could allow fresh baked bread from bulk ingredients on future spaceflights.[35] PackagingPackaging for space food serves the primary purposes of preserving and containing the food. The packaging, however, must also be light-weight, easy to dispose of and useful in the preparation of the food for consumption. The packaging also includes a bar-coded label, which allows for the tracking of an astronaut's diet. The labels also specify the food's preparation instructions in both English and Russian.[32] Many foods from the Russian space program are packaged in cans and tins.[36] These are heated through electro-resistive (ohmic) methods, opened with a can-opener, and the food inside consumed directly. Russian soups are hydrated and consumed directly from their packages.[37] NASA space foods are packaged in retort pouches[38] or employ freeze drying.[36] They are also packaged in sealed containers which fit into trays to keep them in place. The trays include straps on the underside, allowing astronauts to attach the tray to an anchor point such as their legs or a wall surface and include clips for retaining a beverage pouch or utensils in the microgravity environment. TypesThere are several classifications for food that is sent into space:[39][40]
More common staples and condiments do not have a classification and are known simply by the item name:
Consumer derivativesCapitalizing on the popularity of the Apollo space missions, Pillsbury marketed "Food Sticks" (also known as "Space Food Sticks") for the consumer market in the early 1970s.[41] Fourteen individually packaged sticks were included in a box, and came in six flavors such as peanut butter, caramel, and chocolate. Food Sticks were marketed as a "nutritionally balanced between meal snack". Most of these products can now be found in NASA Space Center gift shops, general novelty shops or at Army Surplus stores. A popular example is freeze-dried ice cream. Campers have taken to using products such as Tang due to their reliability, but some others, such as many of the freeze dried foods, contain fragrances that can attract bears, cougars, and other forest animals. Tang, originally marketed in 1959, also saw an increase in popularity during this era due to its inclusion on the manned space flights. See also{{portal|Food|Spaceflight}}
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Because this valve isn't a complete closure (just a muscle that works with gravity), if you burp, it becomes a wet burp from the contents in your stomach.}} 33. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/vostok-beer-is-a-sturdy-stout-you-can-swig-in-space/news-story/d673d105eb1b255738de0fbbed316059 |title=How does space beer taste? It's out of this world... |work=News.com.au |publisher=News Corp Australia |first=Claire |last=Connelly |date=1 March 2011}} 34. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/12/barley-space-space-beer/ |title=Barley + Space = Space Beer! |work=Wired |first=Betsy |last=Mason |date=8 December 2009}} 35. ^{{cite news |url=https://newatlas.com/spacebread/22768/ |title=How to bake bread in space |work=New Atlas |first=David |last=Szondy |date=3 June 2012 |accessdate=9 May 2018}} 36. ^1 Bourland, Charles (2001) Packaging foods for flight— NASA FTCSC News, July 2001 37. ^Lu, Edward (2003) Expedition 7: Eating at Cafe ISS, Greetings Earthlings:Ed's musings from space, 38. ^{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221761772_Assessment_of_the_Long-Term_Stability_of_Retort_Pouch_Foods_to_Support_Extended_Duration_Spaceflight |title=Assessment of the Long‐Term Stability of Retort Pouch Foods to Support Extended Duration Spaceflight |journal=Journal of Food Science |first1=Patricia M. |last1=Catauro |first2=Michele H. |last2=Perchonok |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=S29-S39 |date=January 2012 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02445.x |pmid=22260129}} 39. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |author=NASA |accessdate=12 December 2006 |date=7 April 2002 |title=Food For Space Flight |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/factsheets/food.html |work=Fact Sheet Library}} 40. ^{{cite book |title=Human health and performance risks of space exploration missions : evidence reviewed by the NASA Human Research Program |date=2009 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |location=Johnson Space Center, Houston |isbn=978-0160846342 |pages=4–5 |url=http://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/evidence/reports/Food.pdf |author=Perchonok, M |author2=Douglas, G |author3=Cooper, M |editor=McPhee, J |editor2=Charles, J |chapter=Risk of Performance Decrement and Crew Illness Due to an Inadequate Food System}} 41. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spacefoodsticks.com/pres.html |title=Space Food Sticks |accessdate=8 October 2014}} External links{{Commons category|Space food}}
4 : Human spaceflight|Space science|Food processing|Soviet inventions |
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