| 词条 | Sparta, Peloponnese | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Sparta |name_local = Σπάρτη |image_map = 2011 Dimos Spartis.png |image_skyline = ModernSparta.jpg |caption_skyline = The center of the city with the town hall |city_flag = File:Flag of Sparti.svg |city_seal = File:Seal of Sparta.svg |districts = |mayor = Evangelos Valiotis ({{As of|2014|lc=y}}) |party = |since = |demonym= |elevation_min = 200 |elevation_max = |periph = Peloponnese |periphunit = Laconia |pop_municipality = 35259 |area_municipality = 1181.8 |pop_municunit = 19854 |area_municunit = 84.5 |pop_community = 17408 |population_as_of = 2011 |coordinates = {{coord|37|4|N|22|26|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |postal_code = 231 00 |area_code = 27310 |licence = ΑΚ |website = {{url|http://www.sparti.gr/}} }} Sparta ({{lang-el|Σπάρτη}}, Spárti) is a town and municipality in Laconia, Greece. It lies at the site of ancient Sparta. The municipality was merged with six nearby municipalities in 2011, for a total population (as of 2011) of 35,259, of whom 17,408 lived in the city. History{{see|Sparta|History of Sparta|Mystras|Despotate of the Morea}}Beginning in the 13th century, the political and cultural center of Laconia shifted to Mystras, some 4 km to the west. The settlement at ancient Sparta, named Lacedaemonia, continued to exist, although greatly depopulated.[1] Until modern times, it was occupied by a town of a few thousand people who lived among the ruins, in the shadow of Mystras. The Palaiologos family (the last Byzantine Greek imperial dynasty) also lived in Mystras. The Despotate of the Morea was captured by the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1460. In 1834, after the Greek War of Independence, King Otto of Greece decreed the town should be expanded into a city. Modern day Sparta, capital of the prefecture of Lakonia, lies on the eastern foothills of Mount Taygetos in the Evrotas River valley. The city has been built upon the site of ancient Sparta. To the southwest stands Mt. Taygetos. To the east of the city stands the Parnonas mountain range, which is forested predominantly with Greek fir trees and other pines. Modern Sparta's origins date back to October 20, 1834, when King Otto issued a decree on the construction of the new city. Bavarian city planners, headed by Fr. Stauffert, designed a city of 100,000 inhabitants based on the neo-classical architectural model. Today Sparta maintains its good design, boasting large squares and wide streets lined with trees, while many of the older buildings remain in excellent condition. The city of Sparta is the economic, administrative and cultural center of Lakonia. A key factor in the advancement of the city’s development is the operation of two departments of the University of Peloponnese and a department of the Technological Educational Institute. The centrally located main square is dominated by the most imposing neo-classical building in Sparta, the City Hall. Built in 1909, City Hall bears the signature of the Greek architect, G. Katsaros.[2] During the monarchy (which was abolished by referendum in 1973), the title of Duke of Sparta was used for the Greek crown prince, the διάδοχος (diádokhos). MunicipalityThe municipality of Sparta was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following seven former municipalities, that became municipal units:[3]
The municipality has an area of 1,181.780 km2, the municipal unit 84.453 km2.[4] The municipal unit consists of the local communities Sparta, Afisi, Amykles, Kalyvia Sochas and Kladas.[3] PoliticsSparta is the most conservative city in Greece. It has never had a left-wing mayor and it was one of the few cities that voted in 1974 to retain the monarchy. Laconia was the region with the highest proportion of "yes" votes (which was supported by the conservative party) in the 2015 bailout referendum. {{As of|2017}}, the mayor of Sparta is Vailotis Evangelos.[5]Demographics
ClimateThe city of Sparta enjoys a sunny and warm Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa). Winters are mild and cool, while summers tend to be particularly hot. January mean maximum temperatures are around {{convert|14|°C|0|abbr=on}} while July and August mean maximum temperatures are around {{convert|36|°C|0|abbr=on}} in the city proper and around {{convert|35|°C|0|abbr=on}} in the airport.[6] Sparta is notorious for its scorching summer heat; during July 2012 the city registered an average maximum temperature of {{convert|38.3|°C|1|abbr=on}}, making it Greece's highest monthly average maximum temperature to date.[7] {{Weather box|width = auto |location= Sparta, Laconia Regional Unit station (N.O.A, 2009–2018) |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan high C=14.2 |Feb high C=15.6 |Mar high C=18.4 |Apr high C=23.2 |May high C=27.9 |Jun high C=32.5 |Jul high C=35.8 |Aug high C=35.8 |Sep high C=31.1 |Oct high C=24.7 |Nov high C=19.9 |Dec high C=15.8 |Jan mean C= 8.9 |Feb mean C=10.0 |Mar mean C=12.2 |Apr mean C=15.7 |May mean C=20.2 |Jun mean C=24.6 |Jul mean C=27.6 |Aug mean C=27.7 |Sep mean C=23.7 |Oct mean C=18.2 |Nov mean C=13.8 |Dec mean C=9.9 |Jan low C= 3.5 |Feb low C= 4.3 |Mar low C= 5.9 |Apr low C=8.1 |May low C=12.5 |Jun low C=16.7 |Jul low C=19.4 |Aug low C=19.5 |Sep low C=16.3 |Oct low C=11.7 |Nov low C=7.6 |Dec low C= 4.0 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm=125.0 |Feb rain mm=105.4 |Mar rain mm=62.1 |Apr rain mm=29.1 |May rain mm=29.2 |Jun rain mm=37.1 |Jul rain mm= 14.4 |Aug rain mm= 15.2 |Sep rain mm=59.5 |Oct rain mm=65.1 |Nov rain mm=69.3 |Dec rain mm=80.3 |source 1=Meteoclub.gr[8] }}{{Weather box |width = auto |location= Sparta Airport (HNMS ,1974–2004) |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan high C=14.4 |Feb high C=15.1 |Mar high C=17.7 |Apr high C=21.3 |May high C=27.0 |Jun high C=32.2 |Jul high C=34.8 |Aug high C=34.3 |Sep high C=30.5 |Oct high C=25.7 |Nov high C=19.4 |Dec high C=15.2 |Jan mean C= 9.6 |Feb mean C=10.2 |Mar mean C=12.4 |Apr mean C=15.8 |May mean C=21.2 |Jun mean C=26.2 |Jul mean C=28.5 |Aug mean C=27.8 |Sep mean C=24.2 |Oct mean C=19.6 |Nov mean C=14.2 |Dec mean C=10.8 |Jan low C= 3.5 |Feb low C= 3.8 |Mar low C= 5.5 |Apr low C=7.6 |May low C=11.8 |Jun low C=15.9 |Jul low C=18.7 |Aug low C=18.0 |Sep low C=15.3 |Oct low C=12.3 |Nov low C=8.2 |Dec low C= 5.1 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm=90.7 |Feb rain mm=84.6 |Mar rain mm=73.3 |Apr rain mm=66.0 |May rain mm=47.4 |Jun rain mm=14.6 |Jul rain mm= 18.8 |Aug rain mm= 26.4 |Sep rain mm=30.8 |Oct rain mm=54.6 |Nov rain mm=90.0 |Dec rain mm=107.9 |source 1=Meteoclub.gr[9] }} TourismMain sitesIn the center of the city is the Archaeological Museum. Built by architect G. Katsaros, in 1874–76 to house the collection of local archaeological finds by Panagiotis Stamatakis, it was the first Greek museum in a provincial city. The city's cathedral is at the southwest end. The ruins of ancient Sparta lie north of the city. Entering by the South Gate of the Acropolis, known as Lakedaemonia, there is the Rotunda, the Theatre and the Temple of Athena Chalkioikos to the West. Exiting the Acropolis by the North Gate there are the remains of the earliest ancient walls, the Heroon and the Altar of Lycourgos, whereas to the East there is the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia. To the North is the Monastic Church of Osios Nikonas (10th century). {{anchor|Tomb of Leonidas}}The "Tomb of Leonidas", or Leonidaion ({{coord|37.0767|N|22.4254|E|}}), is a limestone structure of the late 5th century BC, likely a temple, but named for Leonidas I in the 19th century, being the only ancient monument indicated within the limits of the newly-planned town in 1834.[10] Museums
SportsThe Spartathlon has taken place every September since 1983. It is an ultramarathon starting in Athens and finishing in Sparta at the statue of Leonidas, with many international participants. The local football club is Sparta F.C. Twin towns{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece}}Sparta is twinned with:
References1. ^Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 2. ^{{cite web|title=Modern day Sparta|url=http://www.exploresparta.gr/tourism/en/sparta/|accessdate=2014-09-06}} 3. ^1 Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior {{el icon}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf|publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece|title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)|language=el}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Δήμαρχος |url= http://sparti.gov.gr/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1:δήμαρχος&Itemid=2|publisher=Sparti.gov.gr|accessdate=2017-10-21}} 6. ^{{cite web|title= Meteoclub.gr|url=http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/6125-sparti-h-yperdynami-ths-kalokairinhs-zesths-stin-ellada|accessdate=2014-09-05}} 7. ^{{cite web|title= N.O.A July 2012 bulletin|url=http://cirrus.meteo.noa.gr/forecast/deltio_noa072012.pdf|accessdate=2013-01-20}} 8. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/6125-sparti-h-yperdynami-ths-kalokairinhs-zesths-stin-ellada |script-title= Σπάρτη : H υπερδύναμη της καλοκαιρινής ζέστης στην Ελλάδα |publisher = Meteoclub |language = Greek |accessdate = 7 June 2016}} 9. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/6125-sparti-h-yperdynami-ths-kalokairinhs-zesths-stin-ellada |script-title= Σπάρτη : H υπερδύναμη της καλοκαιρινής ζέστης στην Ελλάδα |publisher = Meteoclub |language = Greek |accessdate = 7 June 2016}} 10. ^Sofia Voutsaki, Paul Cartledge, Ancient Monuments and Modern Identities: A Critical History of Archaeology in 19th and 20th Century Greece (2017), [https://books.google.ch/books?id=Az8lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 50f.] External links{{commons category|Sparti}}
4 : Sparta|Municipalities of Peloponnese (region)|Populated places in Laconia|Greek prefectural capitals |
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