“Special Collection Service”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Special Collection Service (SCS), codenamed F6,^[1] is a highly classified joint U.S. Central Intelligence Agency–National Security Agency program charged with inserting eavesdropping equipment in difficult-to-reach places, such as foreign embassies, communications centers, and foreign government installations. Established in the late 1970s and headquartered in Beltsville, Maryland,^[2] the SCS has been involved in operations ranging from the Cold War to the Global War on Terrorism.

According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the SCS is part of a larger global surveillance program known as STATEROOM.^[3]

Mission

The SCS is a U.S. black budget program^[4] that has been described as the United States' "Mission Impossible force", responsible for "close surveillance, burglary, wiretapping, breaking and entering".^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] It is headquartered in Beltsville, Maryland, in an obscured building that was at one time labeled simply "CSSG". Next door is the U.S. Department of State's Beltsville Messaging Center, to which the SCS is linked via fiber optic cable. The SCS is jointly staffed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA).^[8]^[9]^[10] According to intelligence historian James Bamford, "The position of SCS chief alternates between NSA and CIA officials."^[12] SCS operatives are based out of U.S. embassies and consulates overseas, and operatives often use Foreign Service or Diplomatic Telecommunications Service cover when deployed.^[8]^[11]^[12] Their mission is to intercept sensitive information on espionage, nuclear arms, terrorist networks, drug trafficking and other national-security-related issues.^[5]

The SCS was established to overcome a problem in that the NSA typically intercepts communications "passively" from its various intercept facilities throughout the world, yet the increasing sophistication of foreign communications equipment renders passive interception futile and instead requires direct access to the communications equipment. The CIA, meanwhile, has access to agents specializing in clandestine operations and thus is more able to gain access to foreign communication equipment, yet lacks the NSA's expertise in communications eavesdropping. Hence, the SCS was born, combining the communications intelligence capabilities of the NSA with the covert action capabilities of the CIA in order to facilitate access to sophisticated foreign communications systems.^[5]^[13]^[14]

The SCS employs exotic covert listening device technologies to bug foreign embassies, communications centers, computer facilities, fiber-optic networks, and government installations.^[5]^[6] The U.S. government has never officially acknowledged its existence, and little is known about the technologies and techniques it employs.^[5] The sole inside account of SCS comes from a Canadian, Mike Frost, whose 1994 book Spyworld revealed that the program was known to insiders at the time as "College Park".^[15] As of 2008, the SCS is reported to target for recruitment key foreign communications personnel such as database managers, systems administrators, and information technology specialists.^[16]

During October 2013, reports by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden led to the unveiling of the SCS having systematically wiretapped Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel's private cell phone over a period of over 10 years, which among other activities to wiretap and systematically record large amounts of European and South American leaders' and citizens' communication by the NSA led to a distinct diplomatic backlash at the United States government.^[17]

History

The SCS program was established in 1978 during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.^[1]^[5]^[15]

As encryption technology increased in sophistication, by the end of the 20th century many coded signals proved unbreakable. Due to this problem, bugging techniques and technologies saw a revival: unable to easily intercept and decrypt foreign communications through passive means, the U.S. government needed to instead intercept the communications at their source, and thus the SCS program was expanded in the 1990s to fulfill this need.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Activities

Cold War

SCS operatives reportedly hid eavesdropping devices in pigeons perched on the windowsills of the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C.^[8]

Infiltration

The SCS program was compromised by infamous Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) mole Robert Hanssen in the 1990s, which provided Moscow with sensitive information about highly sophisticated U.S. overseas bugging operations.^[6]^[21] However, the program was so secret that, after Hanssen's arrest, the FBI would only describe it in general terms, as a "program of enormous value, expense, and importance to the U.S. government".^[5]^[7]

Afghanistan

In 1999, as the Clinton Administration sought to kill Osama bin Laden following the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings, SCS operatives covertly entered Afghanistan to place eavesdropping devices within range of Al-Qaeda's tactical radios.^[22]

China

The SCS was rumored to have been involved in the 2001 operation that planted 27 satellite-controlled bugs in the Boeing 767-300ER that was to be used as Chinese President Jiang Zemin's official jet. The bugs were discovered, however, before they could be switched on.^[23]

Iraq War

Prior to the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, SCS was described as the "prime mover" of electronic surveillance in the country.^[24] SCS operatives built numerous antennae, spaced throughout the Iraqi countryside, capable of intercepting Iraqi microwave communications. These Iraqi communications would have been otherwise difficult to intercept, because they beamed hilltop to hilltop in a narrow band, with an angle too oblique and thus too dissipated to be intercepted by air or spacecraft.^[25]

In 1998, the U.S. government recruited an Australian operative under SCS and deployed him to Iraq. The operative reported concerns about what was transpiring in Iraq, in that there was "a very high volume of data, and that he was getting no feedback about whether it was good, bad, or useful". He further reported that "this was a massive intelligence collection operation{{snd}} one that was not in accordance with what UNSCOM was supposed to be doing" at the time.^[24]

After the invasion, SCS operatives were employed in the hunt for Saddam Hussein, planting sophisticated eavesdropping equipment in target areas to intercept communications that were then analyzed by voice analysis experts.^[26]^[27]

War on Terror

The SCS was heavily involved in eavesdropping to advance the Global War on Terrorism, setting up eavesdropping posts around Middle Eastern capitals and figures close to Osama bin Laden's terrorism network.^[8]^[28] In 1999, an SCS team monitored al-Qaeda training camps near Khost.^[1]

When the United States located Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, SCS operatives established a base in an apartment that the CIA had rented a mile away from the compound. They focused lasers on the compound windows and, by analyzing the vibrations, were able to count the number of people inside and outside, and also ascertained that there was one person who never ventured outside the compound. Bin Laden was killed inside the compound during a raid by U.S. special operations forces on May 2, 2011.^[29]^[30]

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{cite news |url=http://theweek.com/articles/476482/inside-secret-world-americas-eavesdropping-spies |title=Inside the secret world of America's top eavesdropping spies |first=David W. |last=Brown |publisher=The Week |date=April 12, 2012}}
2. ^{{cite web |title=Eyeballing the CIA/NSA Special Collection Service |publisher=Cryptome |url=https://cryptome.org/eyeball/scs/scs-eyeball.htm |date=May 13, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609112154/http://cryptome.org/eyeball/scs/scs-eyeball.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |quote=Several years ago, according to sources, SCS relocated to a new, 300-acre, three-building complex disguised as a corporate campus and shielded by a dense forest outside Beltsville, Maryland.}}
3. ^{{cite web|last=Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach and Holger Stark|title=Codename 'Apalachee': How America Spies on Europe and the UN|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/secret-nsa-documents-show-how-the-us-spies-on-europe-and-the-un-a-918625-2.html|work=Der Spiegel|accessdate=December 22, 2013}}
4. ^Classification Guide 356-01 Accessed October 27, 2013
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite news |last=Lichtblau |first=Eric |authorlink=Eric Lichtblau |title=Spy Suspect May Have Revealed U.S. Bugging; Espionage: Hanssen left signs that he told Russia where top-secret overseas eavesdropping devices are placed, officials say |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=February 28, 2001 |page=A1 นิเจ้าบ๊องต๋อยเซมเบ้|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/updates2/lat_spy010228.htm |archivedate=April 17, 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417230720/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/updates2/lat_spy010228.htm}}
6. ^¹²{{cite news |last=Lathem |first=Niles |title=Feds to Offer FBI 'Mole' Sing-or-die Deal |newspaper=New York Post |date=March 1, 2001 |page=4}}
7. ^¹{{cite episode |credits=Ann Curry (anchor), John Pike (guest), Pete Williams (guest) and James Bamford (guest) |title=Congress to Hold Closed Hearings on Accused Spy Robert Hanssen Later This Week |series=Today |serieslink=Today (U.S. TV program) |network=NBC |airdate=February 27, 2001 |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2001/010227-spy.htm}}
8. ^¹²³⁴{{cite news |last=Kaihla |first=Paul |title=Weapons of the Secret War |newspaper=Business 2.0 |date=November 2001 |url=http://www.business20.com/articles/mag/print/0,1643,17511,FF.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004032408/http://www.business20.com/articles/mag/print/0,1643,17511,FF.html |archivedate=October 4, 2003 |deadurl=yes}}
9. ^{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |title=CIA/NSA CSSG Special Collection Service, "Communiciations Support Group," 11600 Springfield Rd, Beltsville, MD |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |date=April 28, 1996 |url=https://fas.org/irp/facility/cssg.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010803063040/https://fas.org/irp/facility/cssg.htm |archivedate=August 3, 2001 |deadurl=yes}}
10. ^{{cite magazine |last=Aid |first=Matthew |authorlink=Matthew Aid |title=The Spies Next Door: The Top 10 Beltway Intel Centers Hiding in Plain Sight |magazine=Foreign Policy |date=September 21, 2012 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/21/the_spies_next_door |accessdate=6 July 2014}}
11. ^{{cite interview |last=Bamford |first=James |authorlink=James Bamford |interviewer=Brian Lamb |title=Booknotes |publisher=C-SPAN |date=September 16, 2001 |url=http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/166048-1/James+Bamford.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115142341/http://booknotes.org/Watch/166048-1/James+Bamford.aspx |archivedate=November 15, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |title=State Department: Beltsville Communications Annex |date=April 28, 1996 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |url=https://fas.org/irp/facility/odell.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010803054524/https://fas.org/irp/facility/odell.htm |archivedate=August 3, 2001 |deadurl=yes}}
13. ^{{cite news |last=Isnard |first=Jacques |title=Une alliance secrète entre la NSA et la CIA |date=February 23, 2000 |newspaper=Le Monde |language=French |trans-title=A Secret Alliance Between the CIA and the NSA |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=68273&xtmc=une_alliance_secrete_entre_la_nsa_et_la_cia&xtcr=3}}
14. ^{{cite news |last=Bowman |first=Tom |authorlink=Tom Bowman (journalist) |title=Report faults decisions by intelligence agencies; Management actions in allocating resources are blamed in Sept. 11 |newspaper=Baltimore Sun |date=July 18, 2002 |page=3A}}
15. ^¹{{cite news |last=Roslin |first=Alex |title=Cyberspies and saboteurs: Hackers on the payroll of U.S. security agencies |newspaper=The Gazette |location=Montreal |date=October 6, 2001 |page=A1 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011216183808/http://www.canada.com/montreal/montrealgazette/story.asp?id=%7B00D3AF24-9BFD-403A-AF2C-A6C9501EEC13%7D |archivedate=December 16, 2001 |url=http://www.canada.com/montreal/montrealgazette/story.asp?id=%7b00D3AF24-9BFD-403A-AF2C-A6C9501EEC13%7d |deadurl=yes |df= }}
16. ^¹{{cite book |last=Bamford |first=James |authorlink=James Bamford |title=The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA from 9/11 to the Eavesdropping on America |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2008 |isbn=9780385521321}}
17. ^[https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cover-story-how-nsa-spied-on-merkel-cell-phone-from-berlin-embassy-a-930205.html "Embassy Espionage: The NSA's Secret Spy Hub in Berlin"] Der Spiegel, 27 October 2013
18. ^{{cite news |last=Diamond |first=John |title=To Catch a Spy Because the FBI Noted Inept Actions of a Russian Near the State Department, Espionage Was Uncovered |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=December 10, 1999 |pages=1, 1:2}}
19. ^{{cite news |last=Loeb |first=Vernon |authorlink=Vernon Loeb |title=Test Of Strength; For two years, Air Force general Michael Hayden has waged a secret struggle to overhaul the world's most powerful spy agency. Nothing's riding on his success but the future of America's national security |newspaper=Washington Post Magazine |date=July 29, 2001 |page=9}}
20. ^{{cite news |last=Finder |first=Joseph |authorlink=Joseph Finder |title=Bugging the World |newspaper=New York Times Book Review |date=April 29, 2001 |page=9}}
21. ^{{cite news |last1=Masters |first1=Brooke A. |last2=Pincus |first2=Walter |authorlink2=Walter Pincus |title=Spy-Case Indictment Postponed; Two Sides Cooperating; Suspect Gets Access to Evidence |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 2, 2001 |page=A8}}
22. ^{{cite news |last=Gellman |first=Barton |authorlink=Barton Gellman |title=Broad Effort Launched After '98 Attacks |newspaper=Washington Post |date=December 19, 2001 |page=A1}}
23. ^{{cite news |title=Air turbulence a test for ties |newspaper=South China Morning Post |date=January 24, 2002 |page=12}}
24. ^¹{{cite news |last1=Vest |first1=Jason |last2=Madsen |first2=Wayne |authorlink1=Jason Vest |authorlink2=Wayne Madsen |title=A Most Unusual Collection Agency |newspaper=The Village Voice |date=March 2, 1999 |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/features/9908/vest_madsen.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010815223623/http://www.villagevoice.com/features/9908/vest_madsen.shtml |archivedate=August 15, 2001 |deadurl=yes}}
25. ^{{cite news |last=Gellman |first=Barton |authorlink=Barton Gellman |title=Barton Gellman: Interview |newspaper=Frontline |publisher=PBS |date=April 27, 1999 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/unscom/interviews/gellman.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112162116/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/unscom/interviews/gellman.html |archivedate=November 12, 2012 |deadurl=no}}
26. ^{{cite news |last1=McDougall |first1=Dan |authorlink1=Dan McDougall |last2=Ward |first2=Sharon |title=Saddam may have fled as house of cards collapses |newspaper=The Scotsman |date=April 14, 2003 |page=10}}
27. ^{{cite news |last1=Thwaites |first1=George |last2=Thomas |first2=Ian |last3=Sanderson |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Patel |first4=Pravina |last5=Stewart |first5=Will |title=Has Moscow Saved Saddam? ; The War in Iraq as the Tyrant Continues to Evade Capture by Agents from Five Countries, Damning Evidence That the Russians Even Spied on Tony Blair to Help Iraqi Regime |newspaper=Mail on Sunday |date=April 13, 2003 |page=6}}
28. ^{{cite book |last=Bamford |first=James |authorlink=James Bamford |title=Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency |publisher=Random House Digital |year=2007 |isbn=9780307425058 |page=647}}
29. ^{{cite news |title=Laden's killing: other side of the story |newspaper=Assam Tribune |date=June 3, 2011}}
30. ^{{cite news |last=Calvert |first=Scott |title=Listening for Bin Laden: the NSA's Intercept of a Phone Call by a Courier May Have Been a Key Piece of Evidence Leading to the Terrorist Leader's Compound |newspaper=Baltimore Sun |date=May 8, 2011 |page=A1}}