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词条 Special folder
释义

  1. Overview

  2. List of special folders

      File system directories    Virtual folders  

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Distinguish|Virtual folder}}{{Multiple issues|{{lead too short|date=September 2011}}{{more citations needed|date=September 2011}}
}}

On Microsoft Windows, a special folder is a folder which is presented to the user through an interface as an abstract concept instead of an absolute folder path. (The synonymous term shell folder is sometimes used instead.) Special folders make it possible for any application to ask the operating system where an appropriate location for certain kinds of files can be found; independently of which version or user language of Windows is being used.

In Windows Server 2003 and earlier, a folder like the "Start Menu" had a different name on non-English versions of Windows. For example, on German versions of Windows XP it is "Startmenü". However, starting with Windows Vista, all versions of Windows use the same English named folders and only display different names in the Windows Explorer. In Windows 10 the user can switch to another display language and the names of the special folders will change.[1]

Overview

Windows uses the concept of special folders to present the contents of the storage devices connected to the computer in a fairly consistent way that frees the user from having to deal with absolute file paths, which can (and often do) change between operating system versions, and even individual installations. The idea has evolved over time, with new special folders being added in every version of Windows post their introduction in Windows 95.

Microsoft's "Compatible with Windows" software logo[2] requires that an application make use of special folders locations to locate the appropriate folders in which documents and application settings should be stored.

A special folder can either be a reference to a physical file system directory, or a reference to a "virtual" folder. In the former case, they are analogous to environment variables — in fact, many of the environment variables that are set in a user's session are defined by where the special folders are set to point to.

Virtual folders do not actually exist on the file system; they are instead presented through Windows Explorer as a tree of folders that the user can navigate. This is known as the Shell namespace. On Windows XP systems, the root of this namespace is the Desktop virtual folder, which contains the My Documents, My Computer, My Network Places (Network Neighborhood in Windows 95 and 98) and Recycle Bin virtual folders. Some virtual folders (like Desktop) have an accompanying special folder that is a reference to a directory on the physical file system. Windows Explorer displays the combined contents of a virtual folder and its associated file system folder to the user. This can be seen in Figure 1, which shows the Folder view in Windows XP's Explorer; in the Desktop virtual folder, the four standard virtual folders can be seen, as well as an additional folder, "a folder on the desktop", which is a real folder located in the Desktop directory in the user's profile.

Some third-party programs add their own virtual folders to Windows Explorer.

List of special folders

The following tables list most of the file system and virtual folders that are available as of Windows Vista. The OS version in which each special folder was introduced is given as well. Items like %USERPROFILE% and %windir% are Windows environment variables.

File system directories

{{Update|section|inaccurate=y|date=October 2011}}
Special folderRepresentsDefault Location
(in English. Non-English versions of Windows XP or earlier will use directory names appropriate to that language.)		First appeared in OS
Application DataPer-user application-specific files
On Windows 98 and
//Windows Me">Windows Me: %windir%\\Application Data
On
//Windows 2000">Windows 2000 and Windows XP: %USERPROFILE%\\Application Data
On
//Windows Vista">Windows Vista and later: %APPDATA%
1998|format=hide}} 98
CookiesInternet Explorer browser cookies
On Windows 98 and Windows Me
%windir%\\Cookies
On Windows 2000 and later
%USERPROFILE%\\Cookies
On Windows Vista and later
%APPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Cookies
1998|format=hide}} 98
Desktop DirectoryFiles stored on the user's desktop
On
//Windows 95">Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me: %windir%\\Desktop
On Windows 2000 and later
%USERPROFILE%\\Desktop
1995|format=hide}} 95
FavoritesUser's Favorites
On Windows 98 and Windows Me
%windir%\\Favorites
On Windows 2000 and later
%USERPROFILE%\\Favorites
1998|format=hide}} 98
FontsContainer folder for installed fonts%windir%\\Fonts1995|format=hide}} 95
HistoryUser-specific browser history%USERPROFILE%\\Local Settings\\History1998|format=hide}} 98
Internet CacheUser-specific Temporary Internet Files
On Windows 98 and Windows Me
%windir%\\Temporary Internet Files
On Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\Local Settings\\Temporary Internet Files
On Windows Vista and
//Windows 7">Windows 7:
%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Temporary Internet Files
On
//Windows 8">Windows 8 and later:
%LOCALAPPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCache		1998|format=hide}} 98
Local Application DataUser-specific and computer-specific application settings
On Windows 98 and Windows Me
%windir%\\Application Data
On Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\Local Settings\\Application Data
On Windows Vista and later
%LOCALAPPDATA%
1995|format=hide}} 95
My DocumentsUser's documents
On Windows 98 and Windows Me
C:\\My Documents
On Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\My Documents
On Windows Vista and later
%USERPROFILE%\\Documents
1998|format=hide}} 98
My MusicUser's music
On Windows 98 and Windows Me
C:\\My Documents\\My Music
On Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\My Documents\\My Music
On Windows Vista and later
%USERPROFILE%\\Music
1998|format=hide}} 98
My PicturesUser's pictures
On Windows 98 and Windows Me
C:\\My Documents\\My Pictures
On Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\My Documents\\My Pictures
On Windows Vista and later
%USERPROFILE%\\Pictures
1998|format=hide}} 98
My VideosUser's video files
On Windows 98 and Windows Me
C:\\My Documents\\My Videos
On Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\My Documents\\My Videos
On Windows Vista and later
%USERPROFILE%\\Videos
1998|format=hide}} 98
ProgramsUser-specific "(All) Programs" groups and icons
On Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\Start Menu\\Programs
On Windows Vista and later
%APPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs
1995|format=hide}} 95
RecentUser-specific "My Recent Documents"
On Windows 98
%USERPROFILE%\\Recent
On Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\My Recent Documents
On Windows Vista and later
%APPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Recent
1998|format=hide}} 98
Send ToUser-specific "Send To" menu items
On Windows 98, Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\SendTo
On Windows Vista and later
%APPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\SendTo
1998|format=hide}} 98
Start MenuUser-specific "Start Menu" items
On Windows 98, Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\Start Menu
On Windows Vista and later
%APPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu
1998|format=hide}} 98
SystemThe Windows system directory
On Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me

;16-bit and 32-bit libraries and executables: %windir%\\System

;Some other 32-bit libraries and executables: %windir%\\System32

On Windows 2000 and later 32-bit Windows editions

;32-bit libraries and executables: %windir%\\system32

;16-bit libraries and executables: %windir%\\System

On 64-bit Windows editions

;64-bit libraries and executables: %windir%\\System32[3]

;32-bit libraries and executables: %windir%\\SysWOW64[4]

1995|format=hide}} 95
Saved GamesUser's Saved Games%USERPROFILE%\\Saved Games2007|format=hide}} Vista
TemplatesUser-specific document templates
On Windows 98 and Windows Me
%windir%\\ShellNew
On Windows 2000 and Windows XP
%USERPROFILE%\\Templates
On Windows Vista and later
%APPDATA%\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Templates
1998|format=hide}} 98

Notes:

  1. The "Desktop" virtual folder is not the same thing as the "Desktop" special folder. The Desktop virtual folder is the root of the Windows Shell namespace, which contains other virtual folders.&91;5&93;
  2. "Local Application Data" differs from "Application Data" in that files located in the "Local" variant are also intended to be specific to the machine it is on. This only has relevance if the user's profile is a Roaming Profile in a Windows Server domain environment.&91;6&93;
  3. As with Desktop, the "My Documents" virtual folder differs from the "My Documents" special folder. If the virtual folder variant is asked for, it will appear in a file dialog as a sub-directory of the "Desktop" virtual folder, instead of the user's profile directory as it physically exists on the hard drive.
  4. If the "My Documents" folder is moved (e.g., to a network drive), attempting to access it via the shell variable will go to the original, default location.

Virtual folders

Virtual FolderRepresentsOS
Recycle BinThe aggregated contents of the Recycle Bin on all drives for the current user1998|format=hide}} 98
Control PanelIcons for Control Panel (Windows) applets1995|format=hide}} 95
DesktopThe Windows Desktop1995|format=hide}} 95
DrivesMy Computer; contains virtual folders representing everything on the local machine, as well as mapped network drives1998|format=hide}} 98
InternetResources located on the Internet; WebDAV connections, etc.1995|format=hide}} 95
My DocumentsVirtual folder of the user's My Documents folder; used as a child of the Desktop virtual folder1998|format=hide}} 98
NetworkNetwork Neighborhood (Windows 95 and 98) or My Network Places (Windows 2000 and later); contains virtual folders for representing all network resources1998|format=hide}} 98
Search ResultsListing of the results of the last search of the computer (appears only after a search)2000|format=hide}} 2000[7]
PrintersContainer folder for installed printers1995|format=hide}} 95

Notes:

  1. The "Desktop" virtual folder is not the same thing as the "Desktop" special folder. The Desktop virtual folder is the root of the Windows Shell namespace, which contains other virtual folders.&91;5&93;
  2. As with Desktop, the "My Documents" virtual folder differs from the "My Documents" special folder. If the virtual folder variant is asked for, it will appear in a file dialog as a sub-directory of the "Desktop" virtual folder, instead of the user's profile directory as it logically exists on the hard drive.

See also

  • Folder redirection
  • Tweak UI
  • Unix directory structure — similar standard for Unix
  • Filesystem Hierarchy Standard — similar standard for Linux

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=How to Change the Display Language in Windows 10|url=http://www.howtogeek.com/232659/how-to-change-the-display-language-in-windows-10/|website=How-To Geek|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106005440/http://www.howtogeek.com/232659/how-to-change-the-display-language-in-windows-10/|archivedate=Nov 6, 2015|dead-url=no}}
2. ^Windows Software Logo Program
3. ^The use of %windir%\\System32 for 64-bit libraries and executables in a 64-bit Windows OS is intended to not break existing 32-bit programs (already using %windir%\\System32) that are recompiled without modifications as a 64-bit executable.
4. ^32-bit executables have this directory mapped as %windir%\\System32.
5. ^1 The Shell Namespace
6. ^{{cite book| title = The Old New Thing| edition = 1st| chapter = Taxes| last = Chen| first = Raymond| authorlink = Raymond Chen| year = 2006| publisher = Pearson Education| isbn = 0-321-44030-7| page = 451}}
7. ^Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows: Windows 2000 Professional Beta 3 Reviewed

External links

  • Shell Programmer's Guide - The Shell Namespace — MSDN documentation on Shell namespaces
  • Environment.SpecialFolder Enumeration — MSDN documentation on accessing special folder values in the .NET Framework on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 etc.
  • CSIDL Values — MSDN documentation containing a complete list of all available special folders and virtual folders
  • Known Folders — MSDN documentation describing known folders on Vista (replaces CSIDL)
  • KNOWNFOLDERID Values — MSDN documentation containing a complete list of all known folders (on Vista, replaces CSIDL)
  • Microsoft PowerToys for Windows XP — TweakUI is available for download on this page
  • Utility that shows the path of all special folders
{{Windows Components}}

2 : Windows components|File system directories
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