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词条 Sphenosuchia
释义

  1. Stratigraphic range

  2. Phylogeny

     Genera 

  3. References

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Late Triassic - Middle Jurassic, {{fossilrange|228|165}}
| image = Hesperosuchus_BW.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| image_caption = Life restoration of Hesperosuchus agilis
| taxon = Sphenosuchia
| authority = von Huene, 1942
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =See below
| synonyms =
  • Pedeticosauria Walker, 1968

}}

Sphenosuchia is a suborder of basal crocodylomorphs that first appeared in the Triassic and occurred into the Middle Jurassic. Most were small, gracile animals with an erect limb posture. They are now thought to be ancestral to crocodyliforms, a group which includes all living crocodilians.

Stratigraphic range

The earliest known members of the group (i.e. Hesperosuchus) are early Norian in age, found in the Blue Mesa Member of the Chinle Formation. Only one sphenosuchian is currently known from the Middle Jurassic, Junggarsuchus, from the Junggar Basin (Shishugou Formation) of China during either the Bathonian or the Callovian (~165 Ma) in age.[1]

Phylogeny

The monophyly of the group is debated, although several synapomorphies characterize the clade, including extremely slender limbs, a compact carpus and an elongate coracoid process.

In 2002, Clark and Sues found a possible sphenosuchian clade of Dibothrosuchus, Sphenosuchus, and possibly Hesperosuchus and Saltoposuchus, with several other genera in unresolved positions (Kayentasuchus, Litargosuchus, Pseudhesperosuchus, and Terrestrisuchus).[2] More recently, however, Clark et al. (2004) argued for the paraphyly of the group, contending that morphological characters were secondarily lost in more highly derived crocodylomorphs.[1] Further analysis and study is required before the group's monophyly is resolved with certainty — a perfect phylogenetic analysis is, at present, impossible due to a paucity of fossil remains demonstrating phylogenetically informative characters.

Below is a cladogram modified from Nesbitt (2011).[3] Sphenosuchians are marked by the green bracket.

{{Barlabel|size=11|at=5|label=Sphenosuchians|colour=green|style=font-size:90%
|cladogram={{clade
|label1=Crocodylomorpha 
|1={{cladex
|1=CM 73372
|2={{cladex
|1=Hesperosuchus |barbegin1=green
|2=Dromicosuchus |bar2=green
|3={{cladex
|1=Sphenosuchus |bar1=green
|2={{cladex
|1=Dibothrosuchus |bar1=green
|2=Terrestrisuchus |bar2=green
|3={{cladex
|1=Litargosuchus |bar1=green
|2={{cladex
|1=Kayentasuchus |barend1=green
|label2= Crocodyliformes 
|2={{cladex
|1=Orthosuchus
|2=Protosuchus
|3=Alligator

}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

Genera

  • Dibothrosuchus
  • Dromicosuchus
  • Dyoplax[4]
  • Hesperosuchus
  • Junggarsuchus
  • Kayentasuchus
  • Litargosuchus
  • Parrishia
  • Phyllodontosuchus[7]
  • Pseudhesperosuchus
  • Redondavenator
  • Saltoposuchus
  • Sphenosuchus
  • Terrestrisuchus
  • Trialestes
Genus Status Age Location UnitNotesImages
Valid Early JurassicChina}} Lower Lufeng Series
Valid Late TriassicUSA}} Newark Supergroup
Valid Late Triassic (Carnian)Germany}} Schilfsandstein Formation A possible sphenosuchian;[4] alternatively, it could be an erpetosuchid.[5]
Valid Late Triassic (Carnian)USA}} Chinle Formation
Valid Middle JurassicChina}} Shishugou Formation
Valid Early Jurassic (Sinemurian - Pliensbachian)USA}} Kayenta Formation
Valid Early JurassicSouth Africa}} Elliot Formation
Nomen dubium Late TriassicUSA}} Dockum Group An indeterminate sphenosuchian known only from undiagnostic vertebrae[6]
Valid Early JurassicChina}} Lower Lufeng Series
Valid Late Triassic (Norian)Argentina}} Los Colorados Formation
Valid Late TriassicUSA}} Redonda Formation
Valid Late Triassic (Norian)Germany}}{{flag|Switzerland}}{{flag|UK}} Löwenstein FormationTrossingen FormationLossiemouth Sandstone
Valid Early JurassicSouth Africa}} Elliot Formation
Valid. Late TriassicUK}}
Valid Late TriassicArgentina}} Ischigualasto Formation

References

1. ^Clark, J.M., et al. (2004).A Middle Jurassic 'sphenosuchian' from China and the origin of the crocodylian skull Nature 430:1021-1024.
2. ^{{Cite journal | doi=10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00026.x|title = Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia| journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society| volume=136| pages=77–95|year = 2002|last1 = Clark|first1 = James M.| last2=Sues| first2=Hans-Dieter}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last=Nesbitt|first=S.J.|year=2011 |title=The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume=352|pages=1–292|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/6112/1/B352.pdf|doi=10.1206/352.1|hdl=2246/6112}}
4. ^{{cite journal |last=Lucas |first=S. G. |author2=Wild, R. |author3= Hunt, A. P. |year=1998 |title=Dyoplax O. Fraas, a Triassic sphenosuchian from Germany |journal=Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, B |volume=263 |pages=1–13}}
5. ^{{cite journal | doi =10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0317 |author1=Michael W. Maisch |author2=Andreas T. Matzke |author3=Thomas Rathgeber | year =2013 | title =Re-evaluation of the enigmatic archosaur Dyoplax arenaceus O. Fraas, 1867 from the Schilfsandstein (Stuttgart Formation, lower Carnian, Upper Triassic) of Stuttgart, Germany | url = | journal = Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen | volume =267 | issue =3| pages =353–362 }}
6. ^{{cite journal |last=Clark |first=J. M. |author2=Sues, H.-D. |author3= Berman, D. S. |year=2001 |title=A new specimen of Hesperosuchus agilis from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and the interrelationships of basal crocodylomorph archosaurs |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=683–704 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0683:ANSOHA]2.0.CO;2}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last=Harris |first=Jerald D. |author2=Lucas, Spencer G. |author3=Estep, J. W. |author4= Jianjun Li |year=2000 |title=A new and unusual sphenosuchian (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha) from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation, People's Republic of China |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=215 |issue=1 |pages=47–68|doi=10.1127/njgpa/215/2000/47 }}
{{Pseudosuchia|L.}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q132746}}

4 : Terrestrial crocodylomorphs|Triassic crocodylomorpha|Jurassic crocodylomorphs|Paraphyletic groups

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