| 词条 | Spirit Cave mummy |
| 释义 |
The Spirit Cave mummy is the oldest human mummy found in North America.[1][2] It was discovered in 1940 in Spirit Cave, {{convert|13|mi}} east[3] of Fallon, Nevada by the husband-and-wife archaeological team of Sydney and Georgia Wheeler. DiscoveryThe Wheelers, working for the Nevada State Parks Commission, were surveying possible archaeological sites to prevent their loss due to guano mining. Upon entering Spirit Cave they discovered the remains of two people wrapped in tule matting. One set of remains, buried deeper than the other, had been partially mummified (the head and right shoulder). The Wheelers, with the assistance of local residents, recovered a total of sixty-seven artifacts from the cave. These artifacts were examined at the Nevada State Museum where they were initially estimated to be between 1,500 and 2,000 years old. They were deposited at the Nevada State Museum’s storage facility in Carson City where they remained for the next fifty-four years. Spirit CaveSpirit Cave is at an elevation of 4,154 feet in the foothills of the Stillwater Mountains;[4] the Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge is now established in this area. The location is to the northeast of Fallon, Nevada.[5] DatingIn 1996 University of California, Riverside anthropologist R. Ervi Taylor examined seventeen of the Spirit Cave artifacts using mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the mummy was approximately 9,400 years old (uncalibrated Radio-Carbon Years Before-Present (RCYBP); ~11.5 Kya calibrated) — older than any previously known North American mummy.[6] The findings were published in the Nevada Historical Quarterly in 1997 and drew immediate national attention.[7][8][9][10] In March 1997, the Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony made a Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) claim of cultural affiliation with the artifacts.[11] In 2000, further study was unable to establish a definitive affiliation of the remains.[12] In September, 2006, the United States District Court for the District of Nevada ruled on a lawsuit by the Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe and said that the Bureau of Land Management made an error in dismissing evidence without a full explanation. The court order remanded the matter back to the BLM for reconsideration of the evidence.[13] In October 2015, Eske Willerslev collected bone and tooth samples from the remains with the permission of the Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe. DNA analysis indicated that the remains were similar to North and South American indigenous groups. On November 22, 2016, the remains were repatriated to the tribe.[14] Willerslev attended the 2018 burial of the remains by the tribe.[15] In November 2018, researchers reported that the DNA sequencing of the remains were used in research about Paleoamericans.[16] Wizards Beach ManWizards Beach Man's remains were also in the collection of the Nevada State Museum, and were radiocarbon dated at the same time. This turned out to be another early Holocene skeleton dating to almost exactly the same era. Wizards Beach Man was found in 1978 at Wizards Beach[17] on Pyramid Lake, about 100 miles (160 km) to the northeast from Spirit Cave.[18] Radiocarbon dating has established that he lived more than 9,200 years ago.[19][20] Lovelock Cave, another important early site, is also nearby. See also
References1. ^{{cite journal | title = Oldest North American Mummy | last = Asher | first = Lara J. | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | date = September{{ndash}}October 1996 | url = http://www.archaeology.org/9609/newsbriefs/nevada.html | accessdate = 2010-04-18}} 2. ^{{cite web | title = Questions about mummies and bog bodies | work = Ask Dr. Dig | url = http://www.digonsite.com/drdig/mummy/9.html | accessdate = 2010-04-18}} 3. ^Approx. {{coord|39.425403|-118.608570|format=dms|type:landmark|display=inline}}, {{Citation | last=Rhode | first=David | last2=Adams | first2=Kenneth | last3=Elston | first3=Robert | chapter=Figure 2-Map showing location of field trip stops | editor-last=Lageson | editor-first=David | title=Great Basin and Sierra Nevada | publisher=Geological Society of America | year=2000 | isbn=0-8137-0002-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkF6oh6-nKwC&lpg=PA50&ots=L5PUWpDQoG&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false }} 4. ^The Men from Spirit Cave and Wizard's Beach. Mammoth Trumpet, 1997 5. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=l4hTCuby90IC&pg=PA58 map of the area] 6. ^{{cite journal | journal = Nevada Historical Society Quarterly | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | year = 1997 | title = Dating the Spirit Cave Mummy: The value of Reexamination | first1 = D. L. | last1 = Kirner | first2 = R. | last2 = Burky | first3 = K. | last3 = Selsor | first4 = D. | last4 = George | first5 = R. E. | last5 = Taylor | first6 = J. R. | last6 = Southon | url = http://www.onlinenevada.org/sites/default/files/DatingSpiritCave_Kirner_1997.pdf | pages = 54-56 | accessdate = 2017-05-30}} 7. ^{{cite journal | journal = Nevada Historical Society Quarterly | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | year = 1997 | title = Nevada Historical Society Quarterly | url = http://www.nsladigitalcollections.org/quarterly#/item/000000071001519/view | accessdate = 2017-05-03}} 8. ^{{cite journal | title = Spirit Cave Man Update | journal= Nevada State Museum Newsletter | work = | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | page = 5 | date = September–October 1999 | url = http://museums.nevadaculture.org/dmdocuments/mus-let09.pdf | accessdate = 2010-04-18 | publisher = Nevada State Museum | location = Carson City, Nevada | dead-url = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150321125326/http://museums.nevadaculture.org/dmdocuments/mus-let09.pdf | archivedate = 2015-03-21}} 9. ^{{cite journal | title = The First Americans - New digs and old bones reveal an ancient land that was a mosaic of peoples--including Asians and Europeans. Now a debate rages: who got here first? | last1 = Begley | first1 = Sharon | last2 = Murr | first2 = Andrew | date = 1999-04-26 | magazine = Newsweek | volume = 133 | pages = 50–57 | issn = 0028-9604 | url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/88135 | accessdate = 2010-04-19}} 10. ^{{cite news | title = After 10,000 years, dispute remains Clan of the cave man may predate Indians | last = Mullen Jr. | first = Frank X. | date = 2000-08-02 | page = 10d | newspaper = USA Today}} 11. ^{{cite web | title = Spirit Cave Man | work = Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs | url = http://museums.nevadaculture.org/new_exhibits/cc-UnderOneSky/spiritcave.htm | accessdate = 2010-04-18}} 12. ^{{cite web | title = Determination of Cultural Affiliation of Ancient Human Remains from Spirit Cave, Nevada | last1 = Barker | first1 = Pat | last2 = Ellis | first2 = Cynthia | last3 = Damadio | first3 = Stephanie | publisher = Bureau of Land Management Nevada State Office | date = 2000-07-26 | url = http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/nv/cultural/spirit_cave_man.Par.57656.File.dat/SC_final_July26.pdf | page = 39}} 13. ^{{cite court | litigants = Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe v. United States Bureau of Land Management | vol = 3:04-cv-00466-LRH-RAM | court = United States District Court for the District of Nevada | date = 2006-09-21 | url = http://www.friendsofpast.org/spirit-cave/order092106.pdf}} 14. ^{{cite journal| title = Ancient genome delivers ‘Spirit Cave Mummy’ to US tribe| first = Ewen| last = Callaway| journal = Nature| accessdate = 2017-05-30| url = http://www.nature.com/news/north-america-s-oldest-mummy-returned-to-us-tribe-after-genome-sequencing-1.21108| volume = 540| pages = 178-179}} 15. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/nov/08/scientists-prove-10000-year-old-mummy-is-native-american-ancestor| title = Early human dispersals within the Americas| last = Devlin| first = Hannah| publisher = The Guardian| date = 2018-11-08| access-date = 2018-11-08}} 16. ^{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.aav2621 | first1 = J. Víctor| last1 = Moreno-Mayar| first2 = Lasse| last2 = Vinner| first3 = Peter | last3 = de Barros Damgaard| first4 = Constanza | last4 = de la Fuente| display-authors = etal| title = Early human dispersals within the Americas| journal = Science| date = 2018-11-08}} 17. ^{{cite gnis | id = 845012 | name = Wizards Beach}} 18. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=l4hTCuby90IC&pg=PA58 map of the area] 19. ^{{cite journal| last = Hall| first = Don Alan | url = http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/spiritman2.html| title = The Men from Spirit Cave and Wizard's Beach| journal = Mammoth Trumpet| volume = 12| number = 2| year = 1997| accessdate = 2016-06-14}} 20. ^{{cite journal | last = Edgar| first = Heather Joy Hecht | title = Paleopathology of the Wizards Beach Man (AHUR 2023) and the Spirit Cave Mummy (AHUR 2064)| journal = Nevada Historical Society Quarterly| volume = 40| pages = 57-61| year = 1997| url = http://www.onlinenevada.org/sites/default/files/Wizards_Edgar_1997.pdf| accessdate = 2016-06-14}} External links
4 : Churchill County, Nevada|Mummies|Human remains (archaeological)|Oldest human remains in the Americas |
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