| 词条 | European Atomic Energy Community |
| 释义 |
|name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent; font-size:9pt; |title = {{resize|11.5pt|European Atomic Energy Community}} |liststyle = font-weight:normal; | {{small|{{native name|da|Europæiske Atomenergifællesskab}}}} | {{small|{{native name|nl|Europese Atoomenergie Gemeenschap}}}} | {{small|{{native name|fr|Communauté européenne de l'énergie atomique}}}} | {{small|{{native name|de|Europäische Atomgemeinschaft}}}} | {{small|{{native name|el|Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα Ατομικής Ενέργειας}}}} | {{small|{{native name|it|Comunità europea dell'energia atomica}}}} | {{small|{{native name|pt|Comunidade Europeia da Energia Atómica}}}} | {{small|{{native name|es|Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica}}}} |image_symbol = Flag of Europe.svg{{!}}border |symbol_width = 125px |symbol_type = Flag of Europe |image_map = Euratom.svg |alt_map = Map indicating the members of the European Atomic Energy Community |map_caption = {{legend|#217d39|Member states}} {{legend|#49C946|Participating associated state}} |admin_center = European Commission |admin_center_type = Administrative body |membership_type = Members |membership = 28 EU member states 1 associated state |org_type = International organisation |languages_type = Official languages |languages = 24 languages |established = 1958 |established_event1 = Euratom Treaty |established_date1 = 1 January 1958 |established_event2 = Merger Treaty |established_date2 = 1 July 1967 |footnotes = }} The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) is an international organisation established by the Euratom Treaty on 25 March 1957 with the original purpose of creating a specialist market for nuclear power in Europe, by developing nuclear energy and distributing it to its member states while selling the surplus to non-member states. However, over the years its scope has been considerably increased to cover a large variety of areas associated with nuclear power and ionising radiation as diverse as safeguarding of nuclear materials, radiation protection and construction of the International Fusion Reactor ITER. [1] It is legally distinct from the European Union (EU), but has the same membership, and is governed by many of the EU's institutions but is the only remaining community organization that is independent from the European Union and therefore outside the regulatory control of the European Parliament. Since 2014, Switzerland has also participated in Euratom programmes as an associated state.[2] HistoryThe Common Assembly proposed extending the powers of the European Coal and Steel Community to cover other sources of energy. However, Jean Monnet, ECSC architect and President, wanted a separate community to cover nuclear power. Louis Armand was put in charge of a study into the prospects of nuclear energy use in Europe; his report concluded that further nuclear development was needed to fill the deficit left by the exhaustion of coal deposits and to reduce dependence on oil producers. However, the Benelux states and Germany were also keen on creating a general single market, although it was opposed by France due to its protectionism, and Jean Monnet thought it too large and difficult a task. In the end, Monnet proposed the creation of separate atomic energy and economic communities to reconcile both groups.[3] The Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at Val Duchesse in 1956 drew up the essentials of the new treaties. Euratom would foster co-operation in the nuclear field, at the time a very popular area, and would, along with the EEC, share the Common Assembly and Court of Justice of the ECSC, but not its executives. Euratom would have its own Council and Commission, with fewer powers than the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. On 25 March 1957, the Treaties of Rome (the Euratom Treaty and the EEC Treaty) were signed by the ECSC members and on 1 January 1958 they came into force.[4][5][6] To save on resources, these separate executives created by the Rome Treaties were merged in 1965 by the Merger Treaty. The institutions of the EEC would take over responsibilities for the running of the EEC and Euratom, with all three then becoming known as the European Communities even if each legally existed separately. In 1993, the Maastricht Treaty created the European Union, which absorbed the Communities into the European Community pillar, yet Euratom still maintained a distinct legal personality. The European Constitution was intended to consolidate all previous treaties and increase democratic accountability in them. The Euratom treaty had not been amended as the other treaties had, so the European Parliament had been granted few powers over it. However, the reason it had gone unamended was the same reason the Constitution left it to remain separate from the rest of the EU: anti-nuclear sentiment among the European electorate, which may unnecessarily turn voters against the treaty.[7][8][9] The Euratom treaty thus remains in force relatively unamended from its original signing. {{Clear}}EU evolution timelineThis overall timeline includes the establishment and development of Euratom, and shows that currently it is the only former EC body that has not been incorporated into the EU. {{EU evolution timeline}} Cooperation{{Politics of the European Union}}
Withdrawal of the United Kingdom{{seealso|United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union}}The United Kingdom announced its intention to withdraw from the EAEC on 26 January 2017, following on from its decision to withdraw from the European Union.[10][12][13][14] Formal notice to withdraw from the EAEC was provided in March 2017, within the Article 50 notification letter, where the withdrawal was made explicit.[15] Withdrawal will only become effective following negotiations on the terms of the exit, which are scheduled to last two years. A report by the House of Commons Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee, published in May 2017, questioned the legal necessity of leaving Euratom and called for a temporary extension of membership to allow time for new arrangements to be made.[16] In June 2017, the European Commission's negotiations task force published a Position paper transmitted to EU27 on nuclear materials and safeguard equipment (Euratom), titled "Essential Principles on nuclear materials and safeguard equipment".[17] The following month, a briefing paper from the House of Commons Library assessed the implications of leaving Euratom.[18] If the UK withdraws, it might raise the question of UK nuclear fuel availability after 2019 and the need for new treaties relating to the transportation of nuclear materials.[19] UK politicians have speculated that the UK could stay in Euratom. Some argue that this would require – beyond the consent of the EU27 – amendment or revocation of the Article 50 letter of March 2017.[20] The Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018, making provision for safeguards after withdrawal from Euratom, received royal assent on 26 June 2018.[21] AchievementsIn the history of European regulation, Article 37 of the Euratom Treaty represents pioneering legislation concerning binding transfrontier obligations with respect to environmental impact and protection of humans.[22] Presidents of the EAECThe five member Commission was led by only three presidents while it had independent executives (1958–1967), all from France:
See also{{Portal|European Union}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://fusionforenergy.europa.eu/|title=Fusion For Energy - Bringing the power of the sun to earth|first=Fusion For|last=Energy|website=fusionforenergy.europa.eu}} 2. ^1 Document 32014D0954, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2015. 3. ^1957–1968 Successes and crises CVCE 4. ^A European Atomic Energy Community CVCE 5. ^The signing of the Rome Treaties CVCE 6. ^Drafting of the Rome Treaties CVCE 7. ^Euratom: nuking Europe's future Greenpeace International, 9 July 2003 8. ^One hundred civil society groups say abolish Euratom! {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523190508/http://www.foeeurope.org/press/2003/MJ_03_March_declaration.htm |date=23 May 2008 }} Friends of the Earth Europe, 3 March 2003 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eu-energy.com/euratom-reform.htm|title=Euratom Loans|website=www.eu-energy.com}} 10. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/fe3b50a4-e3e1-11e6-8405-9e5580d6e5fb|title=UK confirms plan to leave European atomic energy community|date=26 January 2017|author=Alex Barker, Arthur Beesley|newspaper=Financial Times|accessdate=27 January 2017}} 11. ^{{Citation | url =http://arka.am/en/news/politics/armenian_president_declares_readiness_to_enhance_cooperation_with_european_union/| date = 2018-05-03}}. 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/britain-quits-european-nuclear-body-pgmq9m9fc|title=Britain quits European nuclear body|first=Sam Coates, Emily|last=Gosden|date=21 December 2017|publisher=|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}} 13. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jan/27/uk-exit-eu-atomic-treaty-brexit-euratom-hinkley-point-c|title=UK exit from EU atomic treaty under Brexit 'will delay power stations'|date=27 January 2017|author=Adam Vaughan|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=27 January 2017}} 14. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/researchers-shocked-at-uk-s-plan-to-exit-eu-nuclear-agency-1.21388|title=Researchers shocked at UK’s plan to exit EU nuclear agency|first=Elizabeth|last=Gibney|publisher=|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.21388}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/604079/Prime_Ministers_letter_to_European_Council_President_Donald_Tusk.pdf|title=Prime Minister May's letter to EU|date=2017-03-29|accessdate=2017-04-01|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/business-energy-industrial-strategy/news-parliament-2015/leaving-eu-energy-climate-change-report-published-16-17/|title=Government must act urgently to end Brexit risk to nuclear industry|last=|first=|date=|website=UK Parliament|language=en|access-date=8 July 2017}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/publications/position-paper-transmitted-eu27-nuclear-materials-and-safeguard-equipment-euratom_en|title=Position paper transmitted to EU27 on nuclear materials and safeguard equipment (Euratom)|last=|first=|date=23 June 2017|website=European Commission|language=en|access-date=27 June 2017}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-8036|title=Briefing Paper CBP 8036: Euratom|last=Hinson|first=Suzanna|date=7 July 2017|website=UK Parliament|access-date=8 July 2017}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/brexit-nuclear-power-euratom-hinckley-point-risks-nuclear-fusion-energy-bills-a7832136.html|title=Brexit will create 'an alarming mess' for UK nuclear industry, scientists warn|date=9 July 2017|work=The Independent}} 20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0f57f69d-305d-3f9f-834f-90e43e3f2633|title=Brexit: what happens to Article 50 in a U-turn on Euratom?|last=|first=|date=|work=Financial Times|access-date=11 July 2017|subscription=yes}} 21. ^{{cite web |title=Bill stages — Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018 — UK Parliament |url=https://services.parliament.uk/Bills/2017-19/nuclearsafeguards/stages.html |website=parliament.uk |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |accessdate=9 July 2018 |language=en}} 22. ^Heuel-Fabianek, B., Kümmerle, E., Möllmann-Coers, M., Lennartz, R. (2008): The relevance of Article 37 of the Euratom Treaty for the dismantling of nuclear reactors. atw – International Journal for Nuclear Power 6/2008 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911042258/http://www.fz-juelich.de/portal/lw_resource/datapool/__pages/pdp_1407/atw-2008-06_HEUEL-FABIANEK.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }} External links
8 : International nuclear energy organizations|International organisations of Europe|Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union|European Union and science and technology|Organizations established in 1958|European Atomic Energy Community|Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty|1958 establishments in Europe |
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