| 词条 | European golden plover |
| 释义 |
| image = Kulík zlatý (Pluvialis apricaria)_a (3949776435).jpg | image_caption = Adult in breeding plumage | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Pluvialis | species = apricaria | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonyms = *Charadrius apricarius {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}
| range_map = Pluvialis apricaria map.svg }} The European golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), also known as the Eurasian golden plover or just the golden plover within Europe, is a largish plover. This species is similar to two other golden plovers: the American golden plover, Pluvialis dominica, and Pacific golden plover, Pluvialis fulva, which are both smaller, slimmer and relatively longer-legged than European golden plover, and both have grey rather than white axillary feathers (only properly visible in flight). TaxonomyThe genus name is Latin and means relating to rain, from pluvia, "rain". It was believed{{By whom|date=October 2017}} that golden plovers flocked when rain was imminent. The species name apricaria is Latin and means to bask in the sun.[2] DescriptionThe European golden plover is quite thickset, with its wings only being slightly longer than its tail. Its most distinct feature is a white "s"-shaped band stretching from its forehead to its flanks.[3] Distribution and habitatThe European golden plover tends to breed in the Arctic tundra and other palearctic areas, ranging as far west as Iceland, where they are called Heiðlóa, and as far east as central Siberia.[3] It tends to gather in large flocks and winter in open areas, agricultural plains, ploughed land, and short meadows, ranging from Europe to North Africa.[4][5] In the United Kingdom, golden plover chicks rely on Tipulidae for feeding, while in Sweden Bibionidae are more important.[6] Behaviour and ecology{{listen |filename= Pluvialis apricaria - European Golden Plover XC132878.ogg|title= European golden plover call}}The European golden plover's call is a monosyllabic, slightly descending, melancholic "tuu".[3][5] Its flight action is rapid and powerful, with regular wingbeats.[4] In cultureFolkloreThe European golden plover spends summers in Iceland, and in Icelandic folklore, the appearance of the first plover in country means that spring has arrived.[7] The Icelandic media always covers the first plover sighting, which in 2017, took place on March 27, 2017.[8] Origin of Guinness World RecordsOn 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the managing director of the Guinness Breweries,[13] went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford, Ireland. After missing a shot at a Eurasian golden plover, he became involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe, the golden plover or the red grouse (the former being correct).[14] That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe's fastest game bird.[15] Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland, but there was no book in the world with which to settle arguments about records. He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove popular.[17] A Guinness employee told Sir Hugh of two twin brothers, Norris and Ross McWhirter, who had opened a fact checking agency in London. Sir Hugh interviewed the brothers and, impressed by their prodigious knowledge, commissioned the book. Later, he published the first Guinness World Records which became a best seller within months.[9] StatusThe European golden plover is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. References1. ^{{IUCN|id=22693727 |title=Pluvialis apricaria |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} [10][11][12][13]2. ^{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=57, 311}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book |title= Birds of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East: A Photographic Guide |authors= Frédéric Jiguet, Aurélien Audevard |edition= illustrated|publisher= Princeton University Press |year= 2017 |isbn= 9780691172439 |page= 155}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |title= The Handbook of Bird Identification: For Europe and the Western Palearctic |author= Mark Beaman, Steve Madge |edition= illustrated |publisher= A&C Black |year= 2010 |isbn= 9781408135235 |page= 309}} 5. ^1 {{cite book |title= National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America, National Geographic Field Guide to Birds Series |editor= Jon Lloyd Dunn, Jonathan K. Alderfer |edition= illustrated |publisher= National Geographic Books |year= 2006 |isbn= 9780792253143 |page= 154}} 6. ^{{cite journal |author1=Machín, P.|author2=Fernández-Elipe, J. | author3=Flinks, H. |author4=Laso, M. | author5=Aguirre, J. I. |author6=Klaassen, R. H. G. | year=2017| title=Habitat selection, diet and food availability of European Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria chicks in Swedish Lapland| journal=Ibis| volume=159| pages=657–672| doi=10.1111/ibi.12479 | issue=3}} 7. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.icenews.is/2017/03/27/the-golden-plover-has-arrived-indicating-spring-in-iceland/#axzz4caJPwfcl|title= The Golden Plover has arrived, indicating spring in Iceland|last= Jóhannsson|first= K.|date= 27 March 2017|website= icenews.is|publisher= Icenews|access-date= 5 October 2017|quote=}} 8. ^{{cite web |url= http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/news/2017/03/27/spring_has_arrived_in_iceland_according_to_folklore/|title= Spring has arrived in Iceland, according to folklore|author= |date= 27 March 2017|website= icelandmonitor.mbl.is|publisher= Iceland Monitor|access-date=5 October 2017|quote=}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p030890m|title=The Guinness Book of Records, Witness - BBC World Service|publisher=}} 10. ^1 {{cite book |first=Fionn |last=Davenport |title=Ireland |year=2010 |page=193 |isbn=9781742203508 |publisher=Lonely Planet |url=https://books.google.cl/books?id=RfL3QnPMi9oC&pg=PA193}} 11. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://guinness.book-of-records.info/history.html |title=The History of the Book |work=Guinness Record Book Collecting |accessdate=10 February 2012}} 12. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://freespace.virgin.net/james.robertson/history2.htm |title=Early history of Guinness World Records |page=2 |year=2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701200438/http://freespace.virgin.net/james.robertson/history2.htm |archivedate=July 1, 2007 }} 13. ^1 {{cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2005 |year=2004 |page=6 |isbn=978-1892051226 |publisher=Guinness |edition=50th Anniversary}} }} External links{{Commons category|Pluvialis apricaria}}{{Wikispecies|Pluvialis apricaria}}
6 : Pluvialis|Birds of Europe|Birds of Iceland|Birds of Scandinavia|Birds of Russia|Birds described in 1758 |
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