“Sport in Sheffield”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Sheffield has a long history of involvement in sport. Although cricket was the first organised sport, it has gradually been supplanted by football. Both the main two local football teams grew out of cricket teams. Sheffield can claim many firsts in football the most famous one being Sheffield F.C. being the world's first and oldest football club. Today it has a club in every major team sport in England. Sheffield became the first UK National City of Sport in 1995^[1] and is now home to the English Institute of Sport (EIS).

Today the city is home to two league clubs Sheffield Wednesday and Sheffield United, top flight ice hockey (Sheffield Steelers) and basketball (Sheffield Sharks) and a Premier League speedway team (Sheffield Tigers). Sheffield Eagles is the main rugby league club and operates a level below the Super League.

There are six boxing world champions from Sheffield, Clinton Woods and Johnny Nelson. David Sherwood is a top ten British tennis player from the city and the former England cricket captain, Michael Vaughan, was brought up and lives in Sheffield. Joe Simpson, a famous climber also comes from the city.

The largest stadium is Hillsborough Stadium, the home of Sheffield Wednesday, which holds around 39,850. The now-demolished Don Valley Stadium was formerly the largest athletics stadium in the United Kingdom. Bramall Lane is the world's oldest major football ground and holds around 33,000 and Sandygate Road, home to Hallam F.C., is the oldest football ground. The World Snooker Championships has been held at the Crucible Theatre since 1977.

History

Early sport

The earliest reference to cricket involving Sheffield was a match between Sheffield and Nottingham in 1771.^[2]

The first recorded game of football in Sheffield was played in 1793 between Sheffield and Norton (a village in Derbyshire at the time but now a suburb of Sheffield). The game initially started as six a side but numbers swelled after both sides called for reinforcements. It continued for 3 days after which it descended into a general row.^[3]

Hallam Cricket Club was formed in 1804 and started using land in Sandygate as their ground. It continues to be used to this day and is acknowledged as the oldest ground in the world. Sheffield Wednesday Cricket Club was formed in 1820. The first cricket match between Yorkshire and Lancashire took place at Hyde Park in 1949.

Birth of football

By the 1850s the city had several cricket clubs, the matches mainly being played during the summer. Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest wanted to start a team that could keep the players together during the winter and formed Sheffield F.C. In 1857 they decided to write the first rule book for football called Sheffield Rules. By 1860 there were 15 football clubs in the city.

Sheffield United Cricket Club was formed in 1854, so called because it was made up of the uniting of several local sides. It was the first club to be named United. The Bramall Lane ground was built a year later. Yorkshire County Cricket Club was also formed in the city in 1863.

The teams continued to play under the Sheffield Rules after the formation of the FA known locally as the London FA. They formed their own association in 1867 and played the first ever competitive football competition, the Youdan Cup, in the same year. Another significant event was the formation of Sheffield Wednesday football club.

The first inter-association football match between Sheffield FA and London (the FA) was played at Bramall lane. Sheffield won the match 3–1. Many such matches were played during the 1870s with the home side dictating which rules they should play under. This eventually led to a merger of the two set of rules in 1878.

Decline of cricket, rise of football

Sheffield United F.C. were formed in 1889. In the same year Sheffield Wednesday turned professional and applied for membership of the Football League. This was denied so they became founding members of the Football Alliance and won its competition in the first season. Both the clubs were accepted into the Football League in 1892. Wednesday into division 1 and United into the newly formed second division.

At the turn of the century the city enjoyed huge success starting with Sheffield Wednesday winning the FA Cup in 1896. United then won the league in 1898, the FA Cup the following year, and again in 1902. Wednesday then won the league twice in a row in 1903/4 and 1904/5. Sheffield F.C. also won their first cup, the FA Amateur Cup, in 1904.

Meanwhile, cricket in the city was in decline. Yorkshire CCC moved its headquarters to Headingley, Leeds in 1893. Although Bramall Lane hosted its first test match in 1912, the experiment was seen as a disaster and was never repeated. England lost to Australia, which was blamed on poor light conditions caused by the heavy air pollution which used to plague the city. Sheffield Wednesday cricket club ceased to exist in 1925 due to a lack of players.

The following decades saw intermittent success for both clubs, including another brace of league titles for Wednesday in 1928–1930. The last FA Cup win for a Sheffield club was in 1935 by Wednesday.

Post war years

Both clubs then went into decline after the Second World War. Wednesday sank to the third division in 1974 and United were relegated as far as the fourth division by 1981. Cricket matches, at a national level, ceased altogether in the city 1973 when the last county match was played at Bramall Lane.

In 1989, Sheffield Wednesday's home ground of Hillsborough was the scene of a tragedy when 96 Liverpool fans were crushed to death during an FA Cup semifinal in the infamous Hillsborough disaster. This prompted a series of safety improvements at football grounds around the country, with terraced stands converted to all seated accommodation.

The early 1990s saw an upsurge in the fortunes of both clubs starting with Wednesday winning the League Cup in 1991. The two teams then met in the FA Cup semi-final in 1993. Wednesday won the match 2–1 but went on to lose both the final and League Cup final, both to Arsenal, during which season the Owls visited Wembley four times. Both teams, however, began to lose fortune as the decade progressed and were both relegated from the top fight; United in 1994, and Wednesday in 2000. The Blades hovered in the second tier for more than 10 years, until they briefly re-entered the Premier League for the 2006–07 season, but were relegated straight back down after an unsuccessful campaign accumulating only 38 points.

Wednesday's performance in the first decade of the 21st century has been arguably the worst in the club's history; following relegation from the Premier League in 2000 they were further relegated to the third tier in 2003. The Owls came back to the Championship in 2005 via the League One Play-offs, but after a five season spell in the Championship, the club again found themselves back down in the third tier for the 2010–11 season.

United were also relegated to League One in time for the 2011–12 season, a season in which both clubs contested to get out of the division, with Wednesday being victorious in the end finishing in second place to return to the Championship. United contested the play-offs, but lost in the final to Huddersfield.

In the 2010s, Sheffield Wednesday have once again been the more successful of the two Sheffield Clubs, having regained promotion to the Championship in 2012, whilst Sheffield United continue to compete in League One, on the back of three unsuccessful play-off campaigns over four seasons.

Sheffield was briefly home to a third Football League club from 2008 to 2012 when Rotherham United played their home matches at Don Valley Stadium, following a dispute with the owner of their Millmoor ground. Rotherham moved back to their hometown in 2012 following the completion of the New York Stadium

Football

There are two derbies played in the city. Sheffield United and Wednesday contest the Steel City Derby in the league or sometimes as a pre-season friendly if they are not in the same division. Hallam F.C. and Sheffield F.C. still play the world's oldest derby. They are currently both in the Northern Counties East League Premier Division.

Existing Clubs

Cricket

Sheffield still has a number of local cricket teams, including Sheffield United Cricket Club, Shiregreen Cricket Club, Hallam Cricket Club and Sheffield Collegiate CC. Most of which play in the South Yorkshire Cricket League.

Ice hockey

Sheffield Steelers are an ice hockey team who play their home matches at Sheffield Arena. They were formed in 1991 and rapidly rose up the leagues to the British Premier League (now called the Elite League). They then won the championship in their second season and again in their third. In total they have won the top flight title 4 times.

The city also has a several other ice hockey teams (in fact, Sheffield has more senior-level ice hockey teams than any other UK city). The Sheffield Steeldogs play in the second-tier English Premier League and the Sheffield Senators and Sheffield Spartans play in the third-tier National Ice Hockey League North. The Sheffield Shadows compete in the Women's Premier League and the Sheffield Ice Tigers play recreational level hockey. All of these teams play out of Ice Sheffield.

Basketball

Sheffield Sharks are a professional basketball team who play at English Institute of Sport. They were formed in 1994 and won the British Basketball League in their first season. They have won it a total of 3 times. The City of Sheffield Arrows play in the English Basketball League, as do the Sheffield Sabres and the Sheffield Saints. The Arrows and the Sabres play home games at the English Institute of Sport whereas the Saints play at All Saints School. Sheffield Hatters are a women's basketball team who also play at All Saints. They have dominated the National League winning it every year from 1991 to 2002. However, other teams have caught up in recent years. Both Sheffield University and Sheffield Hallam University have basketball teams and SHU has produced many good BUCS (British Universities and College Sports) basketball teams over the years reaching the national finals several times. Many SHU players have gone on to play on in other high-level basketball leagues around the country.

Boxing

Sheffield has enjoyed huge success in boxing mainly due to the Wincobank gym run by Brendan Ingle. During the 1990s several world champions were produced including Naseem Hamed, Herol Graham, Johnny Nelson and Paul Jones. Sheffield continued to produce world champions in the 2000’s with the likes of Clinton Woods, Junior Witter, and Kell Brook.

Other sports

Other notable clubs are the Sheffield Eagles rugby league club based at Don Valley Stadium who won the Rugby League Challenge Cup in 1997.

Sheffield Tigers is a local speedway team based at Owlerton Stadium. Speedway arrived at Owlerton in Sheffield in 1929 and a team took part in league speedway for a number of the pre-war seasons. The track re-opened in 1945 for a couple of meetings and the re-formed Tigers raced in the Northern League of 1946 and the National League Division Two 1947 – 1950. (In part of 1950 the team were known as The Tars.) In 1951 the promotion failed after competing in the Division Two Regional comptetition and a few open meetings were staged in 1952.

The Tigers were revivied as members of the Provincial League in 1960 and have featured in league speedway most seasons since that date. The propmotion also staged speedway at Conference League level with the team known as the Owlerton Prowlers.

Namesake Sheffield Tigers, of the speedway team, and Sheffield RUFC are local Rugby Union sides based at Dore. In 2005 the city hosted the finish of Stage 3 of the Tour of Britain cycle race. In 2004 and 2005 the city also played host to the start and finish of the Roger Albert Clark Rally.

Sheffield Volleyball Club was founded in 1989 and runs men's and women's performance teams as well as providing opportunities for junior players.

The {{SBK|2004}} and {{SBK|2007}} Superbike World Champion, James Toseland, comes from Sheffield, as does the climber Joe Simpson.

The 2012 Men's Doubles Wimbledon champion Jonathan Marray lives in Sheffield, playing at the Hallamshire Tennis Club.

The City of Sheffield Athletic Club has bases at the Don Valley Stadium and the English Institute of Sport.

The Sheffield Steel Roller Girls roller derby league is based in the city, playing public bouts at Ponds Forge.

Sheffield has several field hockey clubs, the largest of which are the Sheffield Civica Hockey Club and Sheffield University Bankers Hockey Club – based at Goodwin – both of which play to a national level within English hockey and regionally.

Racing cyclist Malcolm Elliot whose successes include the 1988 Tour of Britain and the points jersey in the 1989 Vuelta a España is from Sheffield.

The Manor Grand Prix team that will compete in Formula One from {{F1|2010}} will be run from nearby Dinnington.

Sheffield also has a strong snowsports community and many competitors in the ski world are from Sheffield (particularly in "The Brits")

Sports Facilities

The city has a huge number of athletics facilities largely as a legacy of the £147 million pound investment for the World Student Games held in 1991. These include Don Valley Stadium, Ponds Forge and Sheffield Arena. Further venues have been added with the investment as part of the English Institute of Sport. A snooker venue and training centre is also due to be built.

As well as the annual World Snooker Championships, hosted by Sheffield's Crucible Theatre since 1977, this venue also has a Squash court installed each year for the English Open competition.

Sheffield Ski Village is Europe's largest artificial ski resort. It has a total of 5 slopes and several short training slopes, Sheffield Sharks Ski Club meets at the Ski Village. There are currently (2007) plans to add the country's largest indoor snow resort next to it. The city also has two indoor climbing centres, one of which is The School Room. Owlerton Stadium hosts regular greyhound racing as well as Sheffield Tigers home ties. It has also previously been home to Sheffield F.C., now based at the Coach and Horses Ground in Dronfield.

There are a number of golf courses in Sheffield, varying from "pitch and putt" up to at least 15 full size courses. Lee Westwood from nearby Worksop mainly uses Sheffield courses for practice. Arguably the most impressive is Hallamshire Golf Club based at Sandygate, which overlooks the city of Sheffield to the east and the Peak District to the west.

English Institute of Sport

In 1998 it was announced that Sheffield would host national headquarters of the UK Sports Institute with an anticipated investment of £40-£60 million. However, in October 1999 it was decided that a national headquarters should be scrapped in favour of a decentralised structure.^[4] Despite this, the largest sport-related investment in Sheffield so far, was the £23,540,000 English Institute of Sport - Sheffield (EISS), opened in December 2003.^[5] The £15.7 million iceSheffield, opened in May 2003, is also part of the project.^[6] Placed between the existing Sheffield Arena and Don Valley Stadium, this created one of the most concentrated areas of sports facilities in the country.

Major Sporting Events

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Sheffield (city)|url=http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560211_2/Sheffield_(city).html|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=7 January 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
2. ^Bygone cricket {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224180418/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/sherwoodtimes/cricket.htm |date=24 December 2005 }} (last accessed 4 August 2006)
3. ^Percy M. Young (1962), Football in Sheffield, S. Paul
4. ^1998 written questions {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926034041/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980611/text/80611w11.htm |date=26 September 2003 }} and 1999 written questions {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193125/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199899/cmhansrd/vo991025/text/91025w31.htm |date=27 September 2007 }}
5. ^EISS News story {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050510064445/http://www.uksport.gov.uk/template.asp?id=433 |date=10 May 2005 }}
6. ^iceSheffield site