| 词条 | SS Arizona | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Arizona was a record breaking British passenger liner that was the first of the Guion Line's Atlantic Greyhounds on the Liverpool-Queenstown-New York route.[1] One nautical historian called Arizona "a souped up transatlantic hot rod."[2] Entering service in 1879, she was the prototype for Atlantic express liners until the Inman Line introduced its twin screw City of New York in 1889. The Arizona type liner is generally considered as unsuccessful because too much was sacrificed for speed.[3] Laid up in 1894 when Guion stopped sailings, Arizona was sold four years later and briefly employed in the Pacific until she was acquired by the US Government for service in the Spanish–American War. As the U.S. Navy's Hancock she continued trooping through W.W.I. and was finally scrapped in 1926.[3] Development and designStarting in 1866, the Guion Line was successful in the Liverpool-Queenstown-New York steerage trade. In 1875, Guion began commissioning express liners to compete for first class business, but its first two ships were total failures.[3] William Pearce, the controlling partner of the John Elder shipyard, was convinced that a crack steamer that carried only passengers and light freight could be profitable because she would attract more passengers and spend less time in port.[2] When Cunard rejected his proposal, Pearce offered his idea to the Guion line at a bargain price of £140,000 at a time when express liners typically cost £200,000.[2] He also agreed to share the initial costs. Stephen Guion, managing director of the line, personally owned the new vessel.[4] As completed, Arizona appeared similar to White Star's Germanic, the current holder of the Blue Riband, but with greater power.[3] Her engines produced 6,400 indicated horsepower, 1,400 more than Germanic.[3] Arizona's six double-ended boilers and 39 furnaces consumed 135 tons of coal per day, considerably more than her White Star rival. She also had less room for cargo and steerage passengers.[3] Because of her high power, Arizona was an uncomfortable ship.[3] However, publicity at the time tried to hide this by describing the luxury of her interior. Her saloon "contained six long tables, with revolving chairs. A large dome-like aperture, with a skylight at the top, rose from the centre of the saloon, and was crossed by beams, supported by small pillars of polished wood, upon which were placed plants and flowers. The saloon extended the entire width of the vessel, and contained a fine piano at the forward end, and a library at the after end. The state-rooms were elegantly upholstered, and contained every facility for comfort. Pneumatic bells connected all the state-rooms with the steward's pantry, which was situated just aft the main saloon. A richly-furnished ladies' boudoir was on the promenade deck, just aft of the forward wheel-house."[5] Service historyShortly after her 1879 maiden voyage, Arizona won the eastbound record for a Sandy Hook-Queenstown run of seven days, eight hours, 11 minutes (15.96 knots).[6] However, despite her greater power and coal consumption, she failed to take the westbound "Blue Riband" record from Germanic.[6] On 7 November 1879, Arizona suffered a collision with an iceberg en route to Liverpool.[7] Stephen Guion was on board with two of his nieces.[2] While the damage was severe, she remained afloat and was able to proceed to St. John's where she underwent temporary repairs before returning to Scotland.[1] Guion advertised this near disaster as proof of Arizona's strength.[3] While uncomfortable, Arizona proved popular with American passengers because the Guion Line was majority owned by Americans.[7] Stephen Guion died in December 1885,[4] and the line was reorganized as a public stock corporation to settle the estate.[3] The company did not invest in new units and by 1894 when Guion stopped sailings, Arizona and her running mate, Alaska of 1881 were hopelessly outpaced by the latest twin-screw liners from Cunard, White Star and Inman.[6] It was on the Arizona that Oscar Wilde and his friend Lillie Langtry first sailed to America in 1881. He boarded the ship at Liverpool on December 26, 1881 as passenger no. 114. The ship arrived at New York on January 2, 1882, but passengers did not disembark until the following morning. Arizona was laid up in Scotland until 1897 when she was sold to a British flagged San Francisco-China service. She was extensively rebuilt and her two funnels were replaced with one enormous funnel that dominated her profile. After a few Pacific voyages, Arizona was sold to the War Department and used designated U.S.Army Transport (USAT) Arizona. Spanish–American War serviceIn 1898 USAT Arizona was refitted and new triple expansion steam engines replaced her old compound engines in preparation for the San Francisco to China route. On 16 July 1898 Arizona was purchased from the Northern Pacific Railway Company by the U.S. Army for $600,000. USAT Arizona transported the following United States Volunteers (USV) and Regular Army units from Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii to Manila, Philippines as part of the 5th (US) Philippine Expeditionary Force in the Spanish–American War:
On January 24, 1902 the ship transported part it the 22nd Infantry home to the States from the Philippine-American War and Moro Rebellion[10], arriving in San Francisco on February 25. It sailed with the USAT Rosecrans.[11] In 1902, she was acquired by the US Navy for use as a receiving ship at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and commissioned as USS Hancock. She served as a troopship in the First World War and continued in various duties until she was sold for scrapping in May 1926.[3] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book |last=Fletcher |first=R. A. |title=Steam-Ships, the Story of their Development to the Present Day |year=1910}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Fox |first=Stephen |title=Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel and the Great Atlantic Streamships}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |last=Gibbs |first=Charles Robert Vernon |title=Passenger Liners of the Western Ocean: A Record of Atlantic Steam and Motor Passenger Vessels from 1838 to the Present Day |publisher=John De Graff |year=1957 |pages=52–92}} 4. ^1 {{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Obituary: Stephen Baker Guion |date=December 20, 1885}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=arizo|title=Arizona, Guion Line}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Kludas |first=Arnold |title=Record breakers of the North Atlantic, Blue Riband Liners 1838–1953 |location=London |publisher=Chatham |year=1999}} 7. ^1 {{cite book |last=Fry |first=Henry |title=The History of North Atlantic Steam Navigation with Some Account of Early Ships and Shipowners|location=London |publisher=Sampson, Low & Marston |year=1896 |oclc=271397492}} 8. ^The Spanish–American War Centennial Website. The Transport Service. http://www.spanamwar.com/transports.htm Retrieved: 29 September 2015 9. ^The Spanish–American War Centennial Website. Transport ARIZONA Travels Across the Pacific http://www.spanamwar.com/arizona.html Retrieved: 28 September 2015 10. ^{{cite web|title=1st Battalion 22nd Infantry - Battles and History|url=http://1-22infantry.org/history/historytitle.htm|website=1-22infantry.org|access-date=December 1, 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=1st Battalion 22nd Infantry - Service at Home 1902-03|url=http://1-22infantry.org/history3/1902-03.htm|website=1-22infantry.org|access-date=December 1, 2018}}
External links
6 : 1879 ships|Ships built on the River Clyde|Ships built in Govan|Spanish–American War auxiliary ships of the United States|Victorian-era passenger ships of the United Kingdom|Victorian-era merchant ships of the United Kingdom |
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