| 词条 | SS Georgiana | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Georgiana was a steamer belonging to the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. Reputed to be the "most powerful" cruiser in the Confederate fleet, she was never used in battle. On her maiden voyage from Scotland, where she was built, she encountered Union Navy ships engaged in a blockade of Charleston, South Carolina, and was heavily damaged before being scuttled by her captain. The wreck was discovered in 1965 and lies in the shallow waters of Charleston's harbor. Due to the secrecy surrounding the vessel's construction, loading and sailing, there has been much speculation about her intended role, whether as a cruiser, merchantman, or privateer. Specifications{{unreferenced|section|date=March 2013}}Georgiana was a brig-rigged, iron hulled, propeller steamer of {{convert|120|hp|kW}} with a jib and two heavily raked masts, hull and stack painted black. Her clipper bow sported the figurehead of a "demi-woman". Georgiana was reportedly pierced for fourteen guns and could carry more than four hundred tons of cargo. She was built by the Lawrie shipyard at Glasgow - perhaps under subcontract from Lairds of Birkenhead (Liverpool) - and registered at that port in December 1862 as belonging to N. Matheson's Clyde service. The U.S. Consul at Tenerife was rightly apprehensive of her as being "evidently a very swift vessel." Captain Thomas Turner, station commodore, reported to Admiral S. F. du Pont that Georgiana was evidently "sent into Charleston to receive her officers, to be fitted out as a cruiser there. She had 140 men on board, with an armament of guns and gun carriages in her hold, commanded by a British naval retired officer." The wreckThe Georgiana was lost on the night of 19 March 1863, while attempting to run past the Federal Blockading Squadron and into Charleston, South Carolina.[1] She had been spotted by the armed U.S. Yacht {{Ship||America|yacht|2}} (of the famed America's Cup racing trophy) which alerted the remainder of the blockade fleet by shooting up colored signal flares. The Georgiana was sunk after a desperate chase in which she came so close to the big guns aboard the {{USS|Wissahickon|1861|6}} that her crew even heard the orders being given on the U.S. vessel.[2] With solid shot passing entirely though her hull, her propeller and rudder damaged, and with no hope for escape, Capt. A. B. Davidson flashed a white light in token of surrender, thus gaining time to beach his ship in fourteen feet (4.3 m) of water, three-quarters of a mile (1200 m) from shore and, after first scuttling her, escaped on the land side with all hands;[3] this was construed as "the most consummate treachery" by the disappointed blockading crew, who would have shared in the proceeds from the prize.[4] Lt. Comdr. John L. Davis, commanding Wissahickon decided to set the wreck afire lest guerrilla bands from shore try to salvage her or her cargo: she burned for several days accompanied by large black powder explosions.[4] DiscoveryThe wreck was discovered by underwater archaeologist E. Lee Spence in 1965.[5][6][7] Today the Georgiana sits on the bottom with her huge boiler only five feet (1.5 m) under the surface. She is now plumed with a wide array of sea fan, sea whips, and living corals. Large sections of the hull are still intact. In places the starboard side of the shattered blockade runner protrudes over nine feet (3 m) from the sand. Under the mud and sand lies the remainder of the hull of the ill-fated warship.[8] On a clear day, skin divers can dive down into the Georgiana{{'}}s immense cargo hold simply by holding their breath. They can swim right past the remaining iron deck supports. The ship's deck was white pine and has long since been eaten away. Sea urchins and sea anemones abound on the wreck. The wreck is frequented by sea bass, grouper, flounder, stingrays, seahorses, and toadfish.[9][10] Once in the Georgiana{{'}}s cargo hold, divers can observe heavily encrusted artifacts sitting where they have lain for over one hundred years. Near the forward cargo hatch Spence found boxes of pins and buttons. Spence recovered sundries, munitions, and medicines easily worth over $12,000,000, but he never found the 350 pounds (160 kg) of gold believed to be hidden on the wreck.[11] The gold could have a numismatic value of over $15,000,000. Other cargo could bring the Georgianas total value to $50,000,000.[12] Resting on top of the Georgiana{{'}}s shattered wreckage is the remains of the sidewheel steamer Mary Bowers, which struck the wreck of the Georgiana while attempting to run the blockade into Charleston.[13] Site ImportanceThis wreck site is extremely important both historically and archaeologically.[14][15] Historically because of the emphasis both sides (the Confederates and the Federals) correctly or incorrectly placed on the Georgiana as a potential threat to United States shipping, and archaeologically due to the site containing two distinct types of ships. Both ships were constructed of iron, but one was built with extra reinforcing and relatively deep draft such as would be needed for operation as a privateer on the high seas and the other of extremely light weight and shallow draft that was perfectly suited for the purpose of running the blockade, which required crossing shallow shoals to evade the deeper draft vessels of the blockade fleet. One (the Georgiana) is a screw steamer and the other (the Mary Bowers) a sidewheel steamer. The two ships were built and lost in a time span of about two years, making their design differences even more significant.[16][17][18] It was for the Georgiana/Mary Bowers wreck that the first salvage license in South Carolina was granted in 1967. Hundreds of thousands of individual artifacts were recovered from the site.[19] The first dives by State officials on the site were made in 2010.[20] It is also important in a literary sense because the Georgiana and her cargo were owned by banking and shipping magnate George Alfred Trenholm of Charleston, who was Treasurer of the Confederacy and the primary historical figure behind the fictional Rhett Butler in Gone With The Wind.[21][22][23][24] Confederate Cruiser, Privateer or Merchantman?Due to the secrecy surrounding her construction, loading and sailing, there is considerable question as to whether the Georgiana was simply a merchantman or if she was intended as a privateer or blockade runner. One contemporary report described the Georgiana as so lightly built that "she would shake from stem to stern if a gun were fired from her decks." [25] Historian Stephen Wise describes her as a merchantman and writes "While loading in Liverpool, the Union consul Thomas Dudley carefully investigated the vessel and reported her to be too frail for a warship. He felt her only purpose was to run the blockade."[26] A United States consular dispatch dated 6 January 1863 stated: "The steamer Georgiana, just arrived at Liverpool from the Clyde. She is new and said to be a very superior steamer. ··· Yesterday while lying here she had the Rebel flag flying at her mast." The London American took special note of her in its 28 January 1863 edition as a powerful steamer and remarked that her officers wore gold lace on their caps, considered a sure indication she was being groomed for a man-of-war. After the Georgiana{{'}}s loss on 19 March 1863, the United States Secretary of Navy wrote: "the destruction of the Georgiana not only touched their (the Confederate's) pockets, but their hopes. She was a splendid craft, peculiarly fitted for the business of privateering." [27] The New York Times of 31 March 1863 gave a spy's description of the craft as "a superior vessel, ··· built expressly for the rebel navy." The spy reported that she was "altogether a faster, stauncher, and better vessel than either the Oreto ({{Ship|CSS|Florida|cruiser|2}}) or {{Ship|CSS|Alabama||2}}." The London Times of 8 April 1863 described her as follows: "There is not the least doubt of her being intended as a privateer." Thomas Scharf (who had served in the Confederate navy), in his Post War reference work History of the Confederate Navy, stated: "Apart from her cargo, the loss was a serious one to the Confederacy, as she was a much faster and stronger ship than any one of its cruisers afloat and would have made a superb man-of-war."[28] Underwater archaeologist E. Lee Spence, who discovered the wreck and identified it as the Georgiana, believes that she was indeed intended as a privateer or cruiser due to the naval guns found aboard, her deep draft hull construction, her heavier than standard iron planking, and the closer than normal, doubled up, Z-beam, framing used throughout the vessel.[29] See also
References1. ^{{cite news|title=The SS Georgiana is lost and found today in 1863 and 1965 respectively |url=http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/678202-196/daily-twip--the-ss-georgiana-is.html|date=March 19, 2010|work=Nashua Telegraph|accessdate=18 March 2013}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Wolf|first=Elizabeth Huntsinger|title=Georgetown Mysteries & Legends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DY5-Zqo1U5IC&pg=PA92|accessdate=18 March 2013|date=2007-02-28|publisher=John F. Blair, Publisher|isbn=9780895875327|page=92}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Fine|first=John Christopher|title=Lost on the Ocean Floor: Diving the World's Ghost Ships|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRCkHPCp614C&pg=PA210|accessdate=18 March 2013|year=2005|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=9781591142751|page=210}} 4. ^1 {{cite DANFS|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/cfa4/georgiana.htm|title=Georgiana|accessdate=18 March 2013}} 5. ^{{cite journal|title=Diver Lee Spence|first=Eugene|last=Warner|url=http://dc.statelibrary.sc.gov/handle/10827/24967|journal=Sandlapper|location=Columbia, SC|date=April 1970|pages=40–43}} 6. ^"Treasure Diver," by Katherine Hatch, in Treasure World, (February–March, 1972), pp. 44, 45 7. ^"Wreck of the Georgianna (sic)," by Kevin Rooney, Skin Diver magazine, (Los Angeles, CA), March, 1980, pp. 80, 81, 86, 87 8. ^"Underwater Archaeology on the Georgiana," by E. Lee Spence, presented before the International Conference on Underwater Archaeology, 1974 9. ^"Wreck of the Confederate Mystery Ship Georgiana, 1863" , by Dr. E. Lee Spence ShipWrecks magazine, Vol. 1, #1, pp. 35–56 10. ^"Georgiana," by E. Lee Spence, Atlantic Coastal Diver magazine, (Baltimore, MD, 1979), pp. 21-27 11. ^Treasures of the Confederate Coast: The "Real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations, by Dr. E. Lee Spence, pp. 427-430 12. ^"South Carolina’s Underwater Treasures," by E. Lee Spence, Treasure magazine, Volume 13, #7, July, 1982, pp. 72-77 13. ^"Civil War Shipwrecks," by Lee Spence, Argosy magazine, "1977 Treasure Hunting Annual", pp. 34–38, 90 14. ^"Salvaging the Cargo of the Mary Bowers," by E. Lee Spence, The Conference on Historic Site Archeology Papers 1969, (1971), Volume 4, part 1 15. ^"A Comment on Diving Operations in South Carolina," The Conference on Historic Site Archeology Papers 1969, (1971), Volume 4, part 2 16. ^"Underwater Archeology on the Georgiana," ("Salvage of the Georgiana"), by E. Lee Spence, presented before the International Conference on Underwater Archeology, (Charleston, SC, 1974) 17. ^"Underwater Archeology in South Carolina," by E. Lee Spence, The Conference on Historic Site Archeology Papers 1970, (1971), Volume 5, Part 1 18. ^Treasures of the Confederate Coast: The "Real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations, by Dr. E. Lee Spence, p. 436 19. ^Treasures of the Confederate Coast: The "Real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations, by Dr. E. Lee Spence, pp. 436-437 20. ^Quarterly Reporter, SCIAA, June 2010, Volume 1, Issue 2, page 7 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611121029/http://www.cas.sc.edu/sciaa/mrd/documents/QR%20Vol1%20Iss2.pdf |date=11 June 2011 }} 21. ^"I protagonisti di Via col vento sono davvero esistiti" di Luca Dini, Oggi 5 dicembre, 1994, pp. 38-40, 42-43 22. ^"Discovery of the real Rhett Butler" 23. ^Treasures of the Confederate Coast: The "Real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations, by Dr. E. Lee Spence, pp. 9-36 24. ^"The Rhett Butler Connection," by Dr. E. Lee Spence, Treasure Diver magazine, Volume 1, #1, September, 1989, pp. 34-41 25. ^Treasures of the Confederate Coast: The "Real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations, by Dr. E. Lee Spence (Narwhal Press, Charleston/Miami, 1995), p. 60 26. ^Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War by Stephen R. Wise, (University of South Carolina Press, 1988), page 111 27. ^Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion South Atlantic Blockading Squadron 7 April – 30 September 1863, (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1902), Series 1, Volume 14, page 172 28. ^History of the Confederate States Navy from Its Organization to the Surrender of its Last Vessel by J. Thomas Scharf, (New York: Rogers & Sherwood; San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft; Atlanta: W. H. Shepard), p. 802 29. ^Treasures of the Confederate Coast: The "Real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations, by Dr. E. Lee Spence, pp. 430-436
Bibliography
12 : Cruisers of the Confederate States Navy|Privateer ships|Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean|Disasters in South Carolina|Shipwrecks of the Carolina coast|Shipwrecks of the American Civil War|Maritime incidents in 1863|Archaeological sites in South Carolina|Treasure from shipwrecks|Ships built on the River Clyde|Charleston County, South Carolina|1863 ships |
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