“St. Albans Raid”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The St. Albans Raid was the northernmost land action of the American Civil War. It was a controversial raid from the Province of Canada by Confederate soldiers who had recently failed in engagements with the Union Army and evaded subsequent capture in the United States. Meant to rob banks to raise money, and to trick the Union Army into diverting troops to defend their northern border against further raids, it took place in St. Albans, Vermont, on October 19, 1864.^[1]

Background

In this wartime incident, Kentuckian Bennett H. Young led the Confederate army forces. Young had been captured after the Battle of Salineville in Ohio ended Morgan's Raid the year before. He managed to escape to Canada, then part of the British Empire. After meeting with Confederate agents there, he returned to the Confederacy, where he proposed raids on the Union from the Canada–US border to build the Confederate treasury and force the Union Army to divert troops from the South. Young was commissioned as a lieutenant and returned to Canada, where he recruited other escaped Confederates for a raid on St. Albans, Vermont, a quiet city just {{convert|15|mi}} from the Canada–U.S. border.

Raid

Young and two others checked into a local hotel on October 10, saying they had come from St. John's, Canada East, for a "sporting vacation". Two or three more men arrived daily, until by October 19, 21 Confederate cavalrymen had assembled. Shortly before 3 p.m. the men staged simultaneous robberies of the city's three banks. They identified themselves as Confederate soldiers and took a total of $208,000 (US$ {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|208000|1864|r=-4}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}). During the robberies, eight or nine Confederates held the villagers at gunpoint on the village green, taking their horses to prevent pursuit. Several armed villagers tried to resist, and one was killed and another wounded. Young ordered his men to burn the city, but the {{convert|4|usoz|adj=on}} bottles of Greek fire they used failed to ignite, and only one shed was destroyed by fire.^[2]

The raiders escaped to Canada, despite a delayed pursuit. In response to US demands, the Canadian authorities arrested the raiders, recovering $88,000. However, a Canadian court ruled that because they were soldiers under military orders, officially neutral Canada could not extradite them. Canada freed the raiders, but returned to St. Albans the money they had found.^[3]

The release of the raiders angered American opinion. American Secretary of State William H. Seward let the British government know, "it is impossible to consider those proceedings as either legal, just or friendly towards the United States."^[4]

As an unintended consequence, the raid served to turn many Canadians against the Confederacy, since they felt that Canada was being drawn into the conflict without its consent. The Confederate agents in Canada realized this and no further raids were made.

Only one of the three banks still stands, the Franklin County Bank, which became the Franklin Lamoille Bank and is now a TD Bank branch. Other sites surviving are Taylor Park and the American House, where some of the raiders stayed.^[5]

Battle or raid?

The Confederate raid by Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan into Ohio and Indiana in July 1863, and culminating in the Battle of Salineville is considered by many historians to be the northernmost land battle of the Civil War. The dispute arises over meaning of the word battle. The St. Albans raiders were not an official command of the Confederate army but connected to the Confederate Secret Service to conduct the St. Albans Raid. General Morgan's place of surrender at West Point, Ohio is considered to be the northernmost point reached by an officially organized Confederate military body during the Civil War.^[6] The northernmost battle of the war came at sea at the Battle of Cherbourg (1864) at 49 degrees north latitude.

Film

See also

References

1. ^{{citation | last = Wilson | first = Dennis K. | title = Justice under Pressure: The Saint Albans Raid and Its Aftermath | publisher = University Press of America | date = 1992 | pages = 203 | isbn = 0819185094 }}
2. ^Adam Mayers, Dixie & the Dominion: Canada, the Confederacy, and the War for the Union (2003) , pp 105-16, bhy a Canadian scholar. [https://www.questia.com/read/120562135/dixie-the-dominion-canada-the-confederacy-and online]
3. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516711/Saint-Albans-Raid|title= Saint Albans Raid| work = Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate= May 2, 2014}}
4. ^{{cite book|title=Congressional series of United States public documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEtHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA71|year=1870|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=71}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=Campi|first=James|title=Civil War Sites, 2nd: The Official Guide to the Civil War Discovery Trail |page= 11 |year=2007|publisher=Globe Pequot| isbn= 0-7627-4435-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLYhJ7ZOh8sC&pg=PA11 |via= Google Books}}
6. ^{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KkkPCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235&dq=northernmost+battle+Ohio+civil+war&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicsbaXwvjXAhXEhOAKHSPNCO4Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=northernmost%20battle%20Ohio%20civil%20war&f=false| title= Morgan's Raid Across Ohio: The Civil War Guidebook of the John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail| first1= Lora| last1= Schmidt Cahill| first2= David L| last2= Mowery| publisher= Lulu.com| year= 2014| page= 235| isbn= 9780989805438| via= Google Books| access-date= December 7, 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87590/The-Raid/|title= The Raid (1954)|publisher = Turner Classic Movies |accessdate= May 2, 2014}}