“Standard Vanguard”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Standard Vanguard is a car which was produced by the Standard Motor Company in Coventry, England, from 1947 to 1963.

The car was announced in July 1947, was completely new, with no resemblance to the previous models, and, designed in 1945,^[1] it was Standard's first post-Second World War car and intended for export around the world. It was also the first model to carry the new Standard badge, which was a heavily stylised representation of the wings of a griffin.^[2]

In the wake of the Second World War, many potential customers in the UK and in English-speaking export markets had recently experienced several years of military or naval service, and therefore a car name related to the British Navy carried a greater resonance than it would for later generations. The name of the Standard Vanguard recalled HMS Vanguard, the last of the British Navy's battleships, launched in 1944 amid much media attention, permission to use the name involved Standard in extensive negotiations with senior Royal Navy personnel.

The styling of the car was intentionally modelled on American lines by Walter Belgrave. Early cars had deep doors that blended into the bottom of the sills.

The Vanguard was first exhibited to the public at the Brussels Motor Show in February 1948.^[3] It began to come off the assembly lines in the middle of 1948 but all production was allotted to the export trade.^[4] An estate car and a utility pick up version were announced in September, and then a 12 cwt delivery van.^[5] Aprons were fitted over the Vanguard's rear wheels from September 1949.^[6]

In 1950,^[7] the Vanguard and the Triumph Renown were the first cars to be fitted with a Laycock de Normanville overdrive. The Laycock overdrive operated on the second and third gears of the three-speed transmission, creating, in effect, a five-speed gearbox.

In Scandinavia, Standard marketed the Standard Ten saloon as the "Vanguard Junior".

Vanguard Phase I

Chassis and running gear

The car used a conventional chassis on which was mounted the slab sided body. The chassis was later used by the Triumph 2000 roadster.{{cn|date=July 2016}} Suspension was independent at the front with coil springs, and a live axle and leaf springs at the rear. Front and rear anti-roll bars were fitted. The brakes were cable driven with 9-inch (228 mm) drums all round, and to make the most of the interior space a column gear change was used initially on the right of the steering wheel then later on the left.{{cn|date=July 2016}}

Engine

The same wet liner engine was used throughout the range until the advent of the Six model in 1960, and was an overhead-valve unit of {{convert|85|mm|in|abbr=on}} bore and {{convert|92|mm|in|abbr=on}} stroke with single Solex downdraught carburettor. The compression ratio was 6.7:1. Wet cylinder liners were fitted. The engine was essentially the same as that made by Standard for the Ferguson tractor, with some changes for automobile use.

Transmission

At first, the transmission included a three-speed gearbox with synchromesh on all forward ratios, controlled using a column-mounted lever. The option of Laycock-de-Normanville overdrive was announced at the end of 1949 and became available in June 1950, priced for UK buyers at slightly under £45 including purchase tax.^[9] Laycock overdrives were cable operated on top gear until 1954 when an electric solenoid was added.{{cn|date=July 2016}}

Broadening the range of available bodies

An estate car joined the range in 1950 and, for Belgium only, some convertibles were made by the Impéria coach-building company.

Road test data

A car tested by The Motor magazine in 1949 had a top speed of {{convert|78.7|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and could accelerate from 0–{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 21.5 seconds. A fuel consumption of {{convert|22.9|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}} was recorded. The test car cost £671 including taxes.^[10]

Commercial

In line with the post-war British export drive, virtually the total output was exported for the first two years of production and only in 1950 did significant home market deliveries start. The Vanguard was intended to achieve export sales, with a particular focus on Australia. During the immediate post-war period, cars were in short supply, creating a "seller's market". Restricted availability of the Vanguard helped attract willing buyers.

Closer to home, in the slowly recovering West German market the Standard Vanguard recorded 405 sales in 1950, making it the country's third most popular imported automobile, in a list otherwise featuring much smaller cars from French and Italian manufacturers. In fact, the Vanguard sales in 1950 accounted for more than 70% of the British cars sold in West Germany that year, customers of other UK manufacturers having reportedly been caught out in the late 1940s by the lack of a dealer network and difficulties in obtaining replacement parts.{{Sfn|Augstein|1951|p=27}}

Phase IA - 1952 facelift

The body was updated in 1952 with a lowered bonnet line, a wider rear window and a new grille featuring a wide horizontal chrome bar in place of the narrow, more closely packed slats of the original grille.{{Sfn|Gloor|2007}} This became known as the Phase 1A.^[8]

Vanguard Phase II

The Swiss importer for the Vanguard was an energetic firm called AMAG, which later took on the Swiss Volkswagen franchise. AMAG themselves assembled the Swiss market Phase I Vanguards,{{Sfn|Gloor|2007}} and it was at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1953^[17] that an extensive re-design was unveiled: the Phase II Vanguard was of a contemporary Ponton three-box "notch-back" design. Boot/trunk capacity increased by 50% in comparison to that of the Phase I, and visibility was improved with a further enlarged rear window.{{Sfn|Gloor|2007}} A new, extended, grille now encompassed the parking lights.^[8]

Mechanically there were few changes, but the clutch changed from cable to hydraulic operation and the engine compression ratio increased to 7.2:1. The previously fitted anti-roll bar was no longer used. Wider 6.00x16 tyres were fitted to improve road holding.

A car that was tested by The Motor magazine, without the optional overdrive, had a top speed of {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and could accelerate from 0–{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 19.9 seconds. A fuel consumption of {{convert|23.5|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgUS}} was recorded.^[12]

In February 1954 Standard became the first British car maker to offer a diesel engine as a factory fitted option.{{Sfn|Sedgwick|Gillies|1986}} The chassis was stiffened to take the weight of the heavier engine and performance suffered with {{convert|65|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} about the top speed. Like the petrol engines, the diesel was a Standard-built "20C" engine developed for the Ferguson tractor. The diesels fitted to the tractor were restricted to 2200 rpm and developed {{convert|25|hp}}, but road-going engines in Vanguards had no limiter and so produced {{convert|60|hp}} at 3800 rpm. However, they retained the tractor's "Ki-Gass", de-compressor and over-fuelling systems, all of which had to be manually operated when starting the engine from cold. 1,973 diesel Vanguards were made.

In 1954 The Motor magazine tested the diesel version and recorded a top speed of {{convert|66.2|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} acceleration from 0–{{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 31.6 seconds and a fuel consumption of {{convert|37.5|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}}. The test car, which had overdrive, cost £1099 including taxes.^[13]

For 1955, the Australian-built coupé utility was given a re-styled tail which resulted in extra room in the cargo area.^[8] It also featured a new full-width rear window and improved cabin features.^[8] As the coupe utility variant of the Phase III style was not yet available, an updated Phase II utility was offered in 1956 with a mesh grille, two-tone paint and new interior trim.^[8]

Vanguard Phase III & Vanguard Sportsman

The Phase III, released to the market for the mid-October 1955 Earls Court Motor Show,^[14] was a radical change with the elimination of the separate chassis. There was an overlap in availability of the old model with the Phase II estate continuing into 1956.

UK fuel was no longer restricted to the 72 octane "Pool petrol" of the 1940s and early 1950s, and with the modest increases in available octane levels, the Vanguard's compression ratio was increased to 7.0:1. The 2088 cc engine with its single Solex downdraught carburettor now produced {{convert|68|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}.

The front suspension was independent, using coil springs, and was bolted to a substantial sub-frame which also carried the recirculating ball steering gear. Semi-elliptic leaf springs were used on the rear axle. Lockheed hydraulic brakes with {{convert|9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} drums were fitted front and rear. The three-speed gearbox had a column change and the optional overdrive was operated by a switch on the steering column. A four-speed floor change became an option.

The new body was lower and had an increased glass area, making it look much more modern, and the old two-piece flat windscreen gave way to a one-piece curved design. The wheelbase increased by {{convert|8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}, giving much better passenger accommodation. A heater was now a standard fitting. Bench seats were fitted in front and rear with folding centre arm rests. They were covered in Vynide, with leather available as an option.

The car was lighter than the superseded model, and the gearing was changed to deliver better economy with performance virtually unchanged.

A car with overdrive was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1956. It had a top speed of {{convert|83.7|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, could accelerate from 0–{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 21.7 seconds and had a fuel consumption of {{convert|25.9|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}}. The test car cost £998 including taxes.^[15]

For 1957, the Australian-produced Phase III was given a facelift with a new mesh grille.^[8] In addition the sedan now sported fins on the rear guards.^[8]

Vanguard Sportsman

A performance model, the Vanguard Sportsman, intended to be badged as the Triumph Renown until shortly before launch, was announced in August 1956^[16] with a tuned {{convert|90|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}^[16] engine having similar features to the Triumph TR3 sports car. These included an increased compression ratio to 8.0:1, twin SU carburettors,{{Sfn|Culshaw|Horrobin|2013|p=287}} and improved pistons. However, the Sportsman's inlet manifold and carburettors sat at a different angle from those of the TR3,{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}} and its engine had the same 85 mm bore as the Vanguard's,{{Sfn|Culshaw|Horrobin|2013|p=287}} not the 83 mm bore of the TR3.{{Sfn|Culshaw|Horrobin|2013|p=318}} The final-drive ratio was lowered to 4.55:1 to give better acceleration, and larger {{convert|10|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} drums fitted to the brakes. The standard version had a bench front seat but separate seats were an option.

Although sharing the same basic body shell with the other Vanguard variations, the Sportsman had design variations, including a squarer front grille, which gave the car a slightly higher, squarer appearance than the regular models.^[16]

Just 901 examples of the Sportsman model were made up to 1958.{{Sfn|Sedgwick|Gillies|1986}} Sportsmans then became available to special order, and around another fifty (mostly estate cars) were built between 1958 and 1960. A small number were built before the Vignale makeover in 1958. Popular Classics magazine's test of a Sportsman in 1994 stated that a total of 962 were built.^[16]

A Sportsman with overdrive was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1956 and it recorded a top speed of {{convert|90.7|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, acceleration from 0–{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 19.2 seconds and a fuel consumption of {{convert|25.6|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}}. The test car cost £1231 including taxes.^[17]

Standard Ensign & Ensign De Luxe

A basic model, the Standard Ensign, with 1670 cc engine,{{Sfn|Culshaw|Horrobin|2013|pp=286-287}} was announced in October 1957 restyled by Michelotti.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}} The Ensign shared its body with the Vanguard Series III, but had a cheapened specification in various respects, including a mesh front grille and a simplified instrument panel and dashboard. Despite the generally lower specification, the Ensign was the first Vanguard-based car to have a four-speed gearbox. The gear lever was moved from the column to the floor, and overdrive was optional. Many were bought for company fleets and for the armed forces.{{Sfn|Robson|2011|p=160}} Production ceased in 1961 with 18,852 examples having been produced.{{Sfn|Sedgwick|Gillies|1986}} Production included 901 Mk II versions, produced only in 1961.{{Sfn|Sedgwick|Gillies|1986}}

An Ensign De Luxe version followed in 1962 and 1963 with a larger 2138 cc engine. Unlike the smaller-engined original version, the De Luxe was also available as an estate car.{{Sfn|Culshaw|Horrobin|2013|p=287}}

A 1670 cc Ensign was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1958. It recorded a top speed of {{convert|77.6|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, acceleration from 0–{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 24.4 seconds and a fuel consumption of {{convert|28.5|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}}. The test car cost £899 including taxes of £300.^[18]

In January 1960 a Diesel engined Ensign was announced, featuring the compact "P4C" 1.6 litre four-cylinder engine produced by specialists Perkins of Peterborough.^[19] Claimed output was {{convert|43|bhp|abbr=on}}, with fuel consumption stated as "about 50 mpg" (5.6 L/100 km; 42 mpg-US).^[19] Those values, given the size of the car, suggest relatively modest top speed and acceleration figures.

Vanguard Vignale

A face-lift of the Phase III was designed by Italian stylist Giovanni Michelotti and coach-builders Vignale in 1958, and was introduced at the October 1958 Earls Court Motor Show.^[22] The windscreen and rear window were deeper, and there was a revised grill and trim. A floor change four-speed manual gearbox was now fitted, and the provision of a three-speed gear box with column change offered as an option. An overdrive was also offered an option, as was an automatic. One automatic car is known to have survived - there may be others.

The car had front and rear bench seats, which were covered, as standard, in Vynide. Leather was an option on the home market and cloth for exported models. A heater and (unusual for the time) electric windscreen washers were factory fitted, although a radio remained an option.

A Vignale with overdrive was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1959. It recorded a top speed of {{convert|82.8|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, acceleration from 0–{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 20.8 seconds and a fuel consumption of {{convert|28.0|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}}. The test car cost £1147 including taxes of £383.^[23]

Vanguard Six

Introduced at the end of 1960, the last of the Vanguards featured a six-cylinder 1,998 cc engine with push-rod overhead valves: this was the engine subsequently installed in the Triumph 2000. The compression ratio was 8.0:1, and twin Solex carburettors were fitted giving an output of {{convert|80|bhp|abbr=on}} at 4500 rpm.^[53] Externally the only differences from the Vignale were the badging but the interior was updated.

Australian production included coupe utility and van variants.^[8] Early in the model run the rear lights of the coupe utility were changed from a vertical to a horizontal layout with a different rear body side panel.^[8]

A Vanguard Six was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1960. It recorded a top speed of {{convert|87.2|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, acceleration from 0–{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 17.0 seconds and a fuel consumption of {{convert|24.9|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}}. The test car cost £1021 including taxes of £301.^[25]

Replacement and end of Standard

In 1958 Standard divested itself of Massey Ferguson and used the proceeds of the sale to develop the Triumph Herald. This left the slow-selling Vanguard as the flagship. It was a 1954 design, and was no competition for the Vauxhall Velox and Ford Zephyr. As a panic measure, the Herald was stretched and widened into a prototype Vanguard replacement. A proposal was made to American Motors to build the Rambler American under licence. Leyland Motors took over Standard-Triumph in 1960 and the prototype Triumph 2000 progressed with new money, the engine being used by the Vanguard Six from 1961 to early 1963. The six was lighter than the old four and was a development based on the Standard Ten unit.

Both the Ensign and the Vanguard were replaced in 1963 by the Triumph 2000, and the Standard name disappeared from the British market after 60 years.

Vanguard Utility

In 1950, the Australian subsidiary of the Standard Motor Company introduced a coupé utility version of the Vanguard Phase I. It was fitted with the same 2088 cc four-cylinder engine as used in the saloon.^[26] Utility versions of the Vanguard were produced in Australia over the following years,^[27] with production ending in 1964.^[28]

The Vanguard Utility was sold in the UK as a pickup truck. The main purchaser was the Royal Air Force, which had them in Phase I and II form. The Phase II commercials remained available until 1958, when they were replaced by the Phase 3. Around

50 phase 3 pickups went to Welsh Water and the workshop manual pictures a pickup with a body by Awson. A gown van and a breakdown tender are shown in the brochure.

Sales in the UK were modest, mostly due to stiff competition from the British Motor Corporation and from Standard's other commercial vehicles including the 5 cwt and later 7 cwt vehicles. Standard later concentrated their efforts on the forward control Atlas vehicle.

Die-Cast models

Notes

1. ^Standard Motor Company, Business and Finance. The Times (London, England), Monday, Nov 10, 1947; pg. 8; Issue 50914
2. ^{{cite journal|journal= The Standard Car Review|date= January 1947}}
3. ^Brussels Motor Show. The Times, Saturday, Feb 14, 1948; pg. 3; Issue 50995
4. ^News in Brief. The Times, Wednesday, Jun 02, 1948; pg. 3; Issue 51087.
5. ^The Standard Vanguard. The Times, Thursday, Sep 23, 1948; pg. 2; Issue 51184
6. ^Motor Show To-Day. The Times, Wednesday, Sep 28, 1949; pg. 4; Issue 51498
7. ^An Overdrive Gear. The Times, Tuesday, Jun 06, 1950; pg. 2; Issue 51710
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹[https://web.archive.org/web/20170219064716/http://www.stcc.com.au/pg_technicalpdf.php?id=11 Alan McMillan, Vanguard Spotters Guide, 2009, www.stcc.com.au, as archived at web.archive.org on 19 February 2017]
9. ^{{cite journal |title=Standard Vanguard Saloon (with overdrive) |journal=Autocar |date=11 August 1950}}
10. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal |title = The Standard Vanguard Road Test| journal =The Motor| volume = | pages = | year = 1949}}
11. ^{{Citation|url= https://www.flickr.com/photos/dedlinz/4562288406/|title= Standard Commercial Vehicles sales brochure|type= brochure|accessdate= 26 October 2011}}
12. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal | title = The Phase II Standard Vanguard Road Test | journal = The Motor | volume = | pages = | date = 11 March 1953}}
13. ^{{cite journal |title = The Standard Diesel Vanguard | journal =The Motor| volume = 106| issue = 2752| pages = | date = 10 November 1954}}
14. ^New Standard Vanguard. The Times, Friday, Oct 14, 1955; pg. 4; Issue 53351
15. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal |title = The Standard Vanguard III| journal =The Motor| volume = 109 | issue = 2830 | pages = | date = 20 June 1956}}
16. ^¹²³{{citation|last=Rodgerson|first=Carl|title=High Standards|work=Popular Classics|date=June 1994|pages=87–91}}
17. ^{{cite journal |title = The Standard Sportsman| journal =The Motor| volume = 110| issue = 2841| pages = | date = 5 September 1956}}
18. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal |title = The Standard Ensign| journal =The Motor| volume = 107| issue = 2913| pages = | date = 22 January 1958}}
19. ^¹"News summary: Current events and recent announcements: New Diesel car" Practical Motorist, January 1960
20. ^(Australia)Advertisement for Standard Vanguard (Vignale) utility, Australian Motor Industries Ltd, Australian Motor Manual (magazine), 1 August 1960, page 29
21. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.classiccarcatalogue.com/STANDARD%201959.html|title= Standard 1959|work= www.classiccarcatalogue.com|accessdate= 26 October 2011|deadurl= no|archivedate= 28 September 2013|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928041813/http://www.classiccarcatalogue.com/STANDARD%201959.html}}
22. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename= The Standard Motor Company. Lord Tedder Describes Expansion And Development|day_of_week= Monday|date= November 24, 1958|page_number= 14|issue= 54316}}
23. ^{{cite journal |title = The Standard Vignale Vanguard| journal =The Motor| volume = 114| issue = 2963| pages = | date = 7 January 1959}}
24. ^¹{{cite magazine | magazine = Motor Sport | title = Impressions of two British Estate Cars | page = 46 | url = http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1961/46/standard-vanguard-vignale-six-estate-car | authorlink = Bill Boddy | first = William | last = Boddy | date = January 1961 }}
25. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal |title = The Standard Vanguard Six| journal =The Motor| volume = 118| issue = 3055| pages = | date = 7 December 1960}}
26. ^{{cite journal|journal= Australian Monthly Motor Manual|date= March 1950|title= Standard Introduces A Vanguard Pick-up|pages= 834–835}}
27. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.pictureaustralia.org/apps/pictureaustralia?term1=standard+vanguard+utility&Submit=search&action=PASearch&attribute1=any+field&mode=search|title= Standard Vanguard utility images|accessdate= 1 August 2008|website= Picture Australia}}
28. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.australianstandardvanguard.net.au/history.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090913101900/http://www.australianstandardvanguard.net.au/history.html|dead-url= yes|archive-date= 13 September 2009|title= Australian History|accessdate= 26 October 2011}}